Tridendriform structure on combinatorial Hopf algebras. (Q619037)

Dendriform algebras were introduced by \textit{J.-L. Loday} as associative algebras whose product splits into two binary operations satisfying some relations [C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Sér. I 321, No. 2, 141-146 (1995; Zbl 0845.16036)]. Dendriform bialgebras were defined by \textit{M. Ronco} [J. Algebra 254, No. 1, 152-172 (2002; Zbl 1017.16033)]. Tridendriform algebras were introduced by \textit{J.-L. Loday} and \textit{M. Ronco} as associative algebras whose product splits into three binary operations satisfying some relations [Contemp. Math. 346, 369-398 (2004; Zbl 1065.18007)]. In the paper under review, the authors define \(q\)-tridendriform algebras, \(q\) a parameter. When \(q=1\), one gets tridendriform algebras, and when \(q=0\), one gets \(K\)-algebras as defined by \textit{F. Chapoton} [J. Pure Appl. Algebra 168, No. 1, 1-18 (2002; Zbl 0994.18006)]. They also define \(q\)-tridendriform bialgebras whose product gives a \(q\)-tridendriform structure, and satisfies some compatibility relations with the coproduct. A dendriform algebra \(H\) has a brace algebra structure as described by \textit{M. Ronco} [Contemp. Math. 267, 245-263 (2000; Zbl 0974.16035)], and when \(H\) is a dendriform bialgebra, the primitive elements form a sub-brace algebra, and the categories of conilpotent dendriform bialgebras and brace algebras are equivalent. These results are here extended by the authors to \(q\)-tridendriform bialgebras by introducing \(q\)-Gerstenhaber-Voronov (\(GV_q\)-algebras) which are brace algebras with an associative product satisfying a distributive-like law. Any \(q\)-tridendriform bialgebra \(H\) is also a dendriform algebra, and to it one can associate a \(GV_q\)-algebra with the same vector space structure. The authors prove: (1) The primitive elements of \(H\) form a sub-\(GV_q\)-algebra of \(H\), (2) The free \(q\)-tridendriform algebra generated by a vector space \(V\) is isomorphic (as coalgebra) to the cotensor coalgebra of the free \(GV_q\)-algebra generated by \(V\), and (3) The categories of conilpotent \(q\)-tridendriform bialgebras and \(q\)-algebras are equivalent. Three main examples are studied. One is \(\text{ST}(q)\), the space spanned by all surjective maps from \(\{1,2,\dots,n\}\) to \(\{1,2,\dots,r\}\) for all positive integers \(n\) and \(r\). The second is \(\text{PQSym*}(q)\), which generalizes the tridendriform bialgebra of parking functions as defined by \textit{J.-C. Novelli} and \textit{J.-Y. Thibon} [Ann. Comb. 11, No. 1, 59-68 (2007; Zbl 1115.05095); Fundam. Math. 193, No. 3, 189-241 (2007; Zbl 1127.16033)]. The third is \(\text{MMR}(q)\), which generalizes the tridendriform bialgebra of big multi-permutations defined by \textit{T. Lam} and \textit{P. Pylyavskyy} [Int. Math. Res. Not. 2007, No. 24, Article ID rnm125 (2007; Zbl 1134.16017)]. It is shown that, as \(q\)-tridendriform bialgebras, \(\text{ST}(q)\) injects into \(\text{PQSym*}(q)\) and surjects onto \(\text{MMR}(q)\).