Entropy and nonlinear nonequilibrium thermodynamic relation for heat conducting steady states (Q625530)

Among various possible routes to extend entropy and thermodynamics to non-equilibrium steady state (NESS), the authors take the one which is guided by operational thermodynamics and the Clausius relation. In a previous study [Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.\ 100, 230602 (2008), cf. \url{arXiv:0711.0246}], the authors derived the extended Clausius relation for NESS, where the heat in the original relation is replaced by its ``renormalized'' counterpart called the excess heat, and the Gibbs-Shannon expression for the entropy by a new symmetrized Gibbs-Shannon-like expression. Here they concentrate on Markov processes describing heat conducting systems, and develop a new method for deriving thermodynamic relations. They first present a new simpler derivation of the extended Clausius relation, and clarify its close relation with the linear response theory. They then derive a new improved extended Clausius relation with a ``nonlinear nonequilibrium'' contribution which is written as a correlation between work and heat. They argue that the ``nonlinear nonequilibrium'' contribution is unavoidable, and it is determined uniquely once they accept the (very natural) definition of the excess heat. Moreover it turns out that to operationally determine the difference in the nonequilibrium entropy to the second order in the temperature difference, one may only use the previous Clausius relation without a nonlinear term or must use the new relation, depending on the operation (i.e.\ the path in the parameter space). This peculiar ``twist'' may be a clue to a better understanding of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of NESS.