KAM theory in configuration space and cancellations in the Lindstedt series (Q629910)

The authors study the KAM theorem for analytic quasi-integrable anisochronous Hamiltonian systems which yields that the perturbation expansion (Lindstedt series) for any quasi-periodic solution with Diophantine frequency vector converges. If one studies the Lindstedt series following a perturbation theory approach, one finds that convergence is ultimately related to the presence of cancellations between contributions of the same perturbation order. In turn, this is due to symmetries in the problem. Such symmetries are easily visualized in action-angle coordinates, where the KAM theorem is usually formulated by exploiting the analogy between Lindstedt series and perturbation expansions in quantum field theory and, in particular, the possibility of expressing the solutions in terms of tree graphs, which are the analogue of Feynman diagrams. The authors revisit Moser's theorem. They investigate the symmetries giving rise to the cancellations which makes the convergence of the series possible. They find that the cancellation mechanism works in a completely different way in Cartesian coordinates, and the interpretation of the underlying symmetries in terms of tree graphs is much more subtle than in the case of action-angle coordinates.