Solutions of periodic boundary value problems for second-order nonlinear differential equations via variational methods (Q632891)

Existence of nontrivial, positive and negative solutions is proved for the problem \[ -(pu')' + qu = w(t)f(t,u), \quad u(T)-u(0)= 0 = p(T)u'(T)-p(0)u'(0), \] where \(p, w >0\), \(q\geq 0\) and \(w,q\) and \(1/p\) are integrable on \((0,T)\). It is assumed that \(F(t,u):=\int_0^u f(t,s)\, ds \leq \frac \lambda 2|u|^2 + b|u|^\gamma + c\) for some \(\lambda<\lambda_0\), the first eigenvalue of the associated linear problem, \(\gamma <2\) and \(b,c\in L^1\). Sufficient conditions are given for the non-resonant case \(q\neq 0\). When \(q=0\), conditions of Ahmad-Lazer-Paul type are obtained.