Twisted dendriform algebras and the pre-Lie Magnus expansion (Q640919)

In the paper under review the authors involve several algebraic structures. The algebra \(P\) over a field \(k\) with a binary multiplication \(\vartriangleright\) is a (left) pre-Lie algebra if it satisfies a specific identity which guarantees that the commutator \([a,b]=a\vartriangleright b-b\vartriangleright a\), \(a,b\in P\), gives \(P\) the structure of a Lie algebra. A \(k\)-associative algebra \(A\) is a Rota-Baxter algebra of weight \(\lambda\in k\) if it is equipped with a \(k\)-linear map \(R: A\to A\) such that \(R(a)R(b)=R(R(a)b+aR(b)+\lambda ab)\), \(a,b\in A\). The new operation \(a\vartriangleright_Rb=R(a)b+aR(b)+\lambda ab\), \(a,b\in A\), defines the structure of a Rota-Baxter left pre-Lie algebra. If \(A\) is the algebra of piecewise smooth functions on \(\mathbb R\) with values in some associative algebra, then the Magnus expansion allows to write the formal solution of the initial value problem \[ \dot{X}(t)=U(t)X(t),\,X(0)=\mathbf{1},\, U\in\lambda A[[\lambda]] \] as \(X(t)=\exp(\Omega(U)(t))\), where \(\Omega(U)(t)\) solves the differential equation \[ \dot{\Omega}(U)(t)=\text{ad}_{\Omega}/(e^{\text{ad}_{\Omega}}-1)(U)(t),\quad \Omega(U)(0)=0. \] The Magnus expansion is naturally related with the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula. This allows to extend the Magnus expansion to pre-Lie algebras. Finally, the Jackson \(q\)-exponential is defined as \(e_q(x)=\sum_{n\geq 0}x^n/[n]_q!\), where \([k]_q=1+q+\cdots+q^{k-1}\), \([k]_q!=\prod_{i=1}^k[i]_q\). The \(q\)-difference operator is defined by \(\partial_qF(t)=(F(qt)-F(t))/(q-1)t\) and the Jackson \(q\)-integral is the inverse operation of \(\partial_q\). The ordinary Riemann integral \(I: f(x)\to\int_0^xf(y)\,dy\) is a weight zero Rota-Baxter map. In the paper under review the authors apply the pre-Lie Magnus expansion to the Jackson \(q\)-integral and \(q\)-exponentials. For this purpose, the authors introduce twisted dendriform algebras, which are the natural algebraic framework for the Jackson \(q\)-analogues. It is shown how the pre-Lie Magnus expansion is used to solve linear \(q\)-differential equations. The authors also briefly outline the theory of linear equations in twisted dendriform algebras.