A direct method for calculating Lyapunov quantities of two-dimensional dynamical systems (Q643812)

Consider the planar system \[ {dx\over dt}=- y+ f(x,y),\quad {dy\over dt}> x+ g(x,y),\tag{\(*\)} \] where \(f\) and \(g\) are sufficiently smooth in a neighborhood of the origin, \(f(0,0)= g(0,0)= 0\). A solution of \((*)\) satisfying the initial condition \(x(0)= 0\), \(y(0)= h\), where \(h\) is a sufficiently small number, is devnoted by \((x(t,h), y(t,h))\). This solution can be approximated by expressions of the type \[ \Biggl(\sum^m_{k=1} x_k(t) h^k,\;\sum^m_{k=1} y_k(t) h^k\Biggr). \] The first return time \(T(h)\) such that \(x(T,h)= 0\), \(y(T, h)> 0\) can be approximated by an expression of the type \(2\pi+ \sum^n_{k=1} T_k h^k\). By means of the introduced expressions the authors determine the Lyapunov quantities belonging to the equilibrium \(x= y= 0\) of \((*)\).