On the Vinogradov additive problem (Q650283)

In this paper dedicated to the memory of Professor A. A. Karatsuba, the authors mainly discuss local solvability of the Hilbert-Kamke problem with prime unknowns. For a natural number \(n\) and a prime \(p\), define \(\delta_p\) so that \(p^{\delta_p}\) is the highest power of \(p\) dividing \((n+l)!\) with \(l=[(n+1)/(p-1)]\), and let \(b(n)\) be the product of \(p^{\delta_p}\) for all primes \(p\leq n+1\). Then the main theorem of the paper asserts that if there are primes \(p_1,\dots,p_k\) exceeding \(n+1\) that satisfy the system of equations \[ p_1^m+p_2^m+\dots+p_k^m=N_m \quad (m=1,2,\dots,n), \] then one has \(k\equiv k_0\) (mod \(b(n)\)) with a certain integer \(k_0\) defined explicitly in relation to \(N_1,\dots,N_n\). The paper includes additional information on the matter as well.