On some representation formulae for operator semigroups in terms of integrated means (Q6556705)

The authors consider a bounded strongly continuous semigroup \((T(t)_{t\geq0})\) on some Banach space \(X\), an interval \(I\subset[0,+\infty)\), a parameter \(a\geq0\), and two families of probability measures \((\mu_n)_{n\in\mathbb{N}}\) and \((\mu_t)_{t\in I}\) satisfying \N\[\N\exists\, C\geq0\;:\quad \int_I s d\mu_n(s)\leq C\quad \forall\, n\in\mathbb{N},\N\]\Nand \N\[\N\int_I s d\mu_t(s)=t\quad \forall\, t\in I.\N\]\NThe authors consider approximation operators \(K_n(t)\), \(n\in\mathbb{N}\), \(t\in I\), defined by \N\[\NK_n(t)u:=\left[\int_I T\left( \frac{s}{n+a}\right)d\mu_t(s) \right]^n\circ\left[\int_I T\left( \frac{as}{n+a} \right)d\mu_n(s) \right] u,\qquad u\in X.\N\]\NIn the special case \(a=0\), operators \(K_n(t)\) are denoted by \(B_n(t)\) in the paper. The main result of the paper is the approximation formula (for all \(a\geq 0\)): \N\[\NT(t)u=\lim_{n\to\infty}K_n(t)u\qquad\forall\, u\in X,\quad\forall\, t\in I.\N\]\NThe authors investigate when this approximation formula holds true locally uniformly on \(I\) and, under some additional assumptions, estimate the rate of convergence in this formula.