Network structure changes local stability of universal equilibria for swarm sphere model (Q6558312)

The authors consider a high-dimensional Kuramoto model on the unit sphere given by\N\[\N\frac{du_i}{dt}=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{j=1}^N a_{ij}\langle u_i,u_j\rangle(u_j-\langle u_i,u_j\rangle u_i)\N\]\Nwhere \(\langle \cdot,\cdot\rangle\) is the standard inner product in Euclidean space and each \(u_i\) has norm 1. \(a_{ij}\) is the strength of connection from the \(j\)th oscillator to the \(i\)th. They define \(h_{ij}=\langle u_i,u_j\rangle\) and consider the dynamics of the \(h_{ij}\). Most of the analysis is done for \(N=3\). Certain equilibria exist independent of the \(a_{ij}\). Much of the paper involves determining conditions under which various equilibria are locally asymptotically stable or unstable. Lyapunov functions are used to give conditions on initial conditions such that a solution approaches a particular equilibrium. Five types of network are considered: (i) all-to-all (all \(a_{ij}=1\)), (ii) ``sender'' network (\(a_{ij}=\eta_j\)), (iii) symmetric (\(a_{ij}=a_{ji}\)), (iv) skew-symmetric (\(a_{ij}=-a_{ji}\)) and (v) none of the above.