Integrable systems in magnetic fields: the generalized parabolic cylindrical case (Q6561875)

This interesting paper is a contribution to the classification of quadratically integrable and superintegrable Hamilton systems with vector potentials that possess integrals of nonseparable type. \N\NThe authors restrict their considerations to a concrete mathematical model, namely the Hamiltonian system describing the classical motion of a nonrelativistic particle on the three-dimensional Euclidean space \(\mathbb{E}_3\). It is assumed that the Hamiltonian \(H\) is a time-independent function. The Hamiltonian of such a system \(\mathbb{E}_3\) immersed in external electromagnetic field has the form \[ H=\frac{1}{2}(\vec{p}+ \vec{A}(\vec{x}))^2+W(\vec{x}), \] where \(\vec{A}(\vec{x})\) is the vector-potential, \(\vec{x}\equiv (x,y,z)\in \mathbb{E}_3\), and \(W(\vec{x})\) is electrostatic potential. \N\NIn general, an \(n\)-dimensional Hamiltonian system is integrable if it admits \(n\) functionally independent first integrals in involution with respect to a Poisson bracket. In the space \(\mathbb{E}_3\), integrability requires the existence of two independent integrals \(X_1\), \(X_2\) in involution so that \(\{X_1,H\}=0\), \(\{X_2,H\}=0\), \(\{X_1,X_2\}=0\) (the integrability condition), where \(\{\cdot ,\cdot\}\) is the Poisson bracket, and \(H\) is the Hamiltonian. \NIf there exist more than \(n\) independent integrals, out of which \(n\) are in involution, the system is said to be superintegrable. Maximally superintegrable systems have \(2n-1\) independent integrals. \N\NThe key feature of the considered Hamiltonian system with Hamiltonian \(H\) as above is the invariance of the dynamically relevant magnetic field \(\vec{B}(\vec{x}) =\nabla\times \vec{A}(\vec{x})\) with respect to the time-independent gauge transformation \(\vec{A}^{\prime}(\vec{x})= \vec{A}(\vec{x})+d\chi (\vec{x})\), \(W^{\prime}(\vec{x})= W(\vec{x})\). On the other hand, the scalar potential \(V(\vec{x}) = W(\vec{x})+ \frac{1}{2} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{3} A_i^2(\vec{x})\) is affected by the above stated gauge transformation. One can write the integrals of motion in terms of gauge covariant linear and angular momenta \(p_i^{A}=p_i+A_i(\vec{x})\) and \(\ell^{A} = \epsilon_{ijk}x_{j}p_{k}^{A}\), where \(\epsilon_{ijk}\) is the totally anti-symmetric Levi-Civita symbol, \(\epsilon_{123}=1\). It turns out that the conditions coming from the involution of \(X_1\) and \(X_2\) become explicitly gauge invariant and depend only on the magnetic field \(\vec{B}(\vec{x})\), not on the vector potential \(A(\vec{x})\). \N\NThe authors consider a case studied by \textit{A. Marchesiello} and \textit{L. Šnobl} [J. Phys. A, Math. Theor. 55, No. 14, Article ID 145203, 20 p. (2022; Zbl 1507.37078)], where the integrals \(X_1\) and \(X_2\) are defined in a special way and depend on three parameters \(a\), \(b\) and \(c\). The authors investigate trajectories of a particle with nonvanishing and vanishing parameters \(b\) and \(c\). A generalized parabolic cylindrical case, related to non-subgroup-type coordinates is discussed. Three new systems are considered. Two of these systems contain magnetic fields polynomial in Cartesian coordinates, and the third one has some unbounded exponential terms. The limit in the above stated parameters of the integrals yields a new parabolic cylindrical system. The limit of vanishing magnetic fields leads to the free motion phenomenon, and this confirms the conjecture that non-subgroup type integrals can be related to separable systems only in a trivial manner.