Non-totally real number fields and toroidal groups (Q6583687)

Let \({\mathcal T}={\mathbb C}^n/\Lambda\) be a toroidal group of dimension \(n\) with real rank \(n+1\) where we can assume that the lattice \(\Lambda \subset {\mathbb C}^n\) is in the standard form\N\[\N\Lambda=\langle (1,0,\ldots, 0), (0,1,\ldots, 0),\ldots, (0,\ldots, 1), (\tau, s_1,\ldots, s_{n-1})\rangle_{\mathbb Z}\N\]\Nwith \(\tau \not \in \mathbb R\). Let \(\mathcal C\) be the elliptic curve having fundamental parallelogram generated by \(\{1, \tau\}\), and let \({\mathfrak J}_L(\mathcal C)\) be the generalized Jacobian of \(\mathcal C\) with modulus \(L=(T_1)+(T_2)+\cdots +(T_n)\in \text{div}({\mathcal C})\) where the \(T_i\) are \(n\) pairwise distinct points of \({\mathcal C}\). In the present paper the authors make use of the representation of \(\mathcal T\) as the generalized Jacobian \({\mathfrak J}_L(\mathcal C)\) of \(\mathcal C\) to study the relationship between \(\mathcal T\), non-totally real number fields \(K\) of degree \(n+1\), and \(n\)-variate meromorphic periodic functions with \(n+1\) \(\mathbb R\)-independent periods\N\[\N(1,0,\ldots, 0), (0,1,\ldots, 0),\ldots, (0,\ldots, 1), (\tau, s_1,\ldots, s_{n-1}).\N\]\NThey consider in detail the case in which \(K\) has degree 3, and also the case in which \(K\) has degree 4.\N\NIn the case in which \(K\) is a non-totally real cubic number field we have \(K={\mathbb Q}(\omega)\) where \(a\omega^3+b\omega^2+c\omega+d=0\) with \(ax^3+bx^2+cx+d \in {\mathbb Z}[x]\). Furthermore, \({\mathcal O}_K=\langle 1,\rho_1,\rho_2 \rangle\) where \(\rho_1=a\omega\), and \(\rho_2=a\omega^2+b\omega\). We have a Minkowski embedding \(\mu: K\rightarrow {\mathbb C}^2\) defined by \(z\rightarrow (\sigma_1(z), \sigma_2(z))\) where \(\sigma_1: K\rightarrow {\mathbb R}\subset \mathbb C\) is the real embedding and \(\sigma_2 :K\rightarrow {\mathbb C}\) is one of the two conjugate complex embeddings of \(K\), and \(\mathcal T={\mathbb C}^2/\mu({\mathcal O}_K)\) is a toroidal group with extra multiplications. Assume that \(\sigma_1(\omega)=\alpha\) and \(\sigma_2(\omega)=\beta\) where \(ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=a(x-\alpha)(x-\beta)(x-\bar{\beta})\). The authors prove the following theorem.\N\NTheorem 2.3. Let \(K={\mathbb Q}(\omega)\) be any non-totally real cubic number field, with \(a\omega^3+b\omega^2+c\omega+d=0\), and let \(\mu:K\rightarrow {\mathbb C}^2\) be a Minkowski embedding, as above. If \(\mathcal T={\mathbb C}^2/\mu({\mathcal O}_K)\) is the toroidal group associated with \({\mathcal O}_K\), then the parameters defining the lattice in standard form are \(\tau=-a\alpha\beta\) and \(s_1=-\bar{\beta}\) (hence \(\tau s_1=-d\)).\N\NMoreover, \(\mathcal T\) has extra multiplications, and the analytic and rational representations of \(\text{End}(\mathcal T)\) yield the free \(\mathbb Z\)-modules generated, respectively, by the matrices \(I_2,(\rho_1)_a, (\rho_2)_a\) and \(I_3,(\rho_1)_r, (\rho_2)_r\), where\N\[\N(\rho_1)_a=\left({\begin{array}{cc} 0& a\tau \\\N1&-b+as_1 \\\N\end{array}}\right), \hspace{.1 in} (\rho_2)_a=\left({\begin{array}{cc} \tau& -ad \\\Ns_1&-c \\\N\end{array}}\right),\N\]\Nand\N\[\N(\rho_1)_r=\left({\begin{array}{ccc} 0&0& -ad \\\N1&-b&-c \\\N0&a&0 \end{array}}\right), \hspace{.1 in} (\rho_2)_r=\left({\begin{array}{ccc} 0& -ad &-bd\\\N0&-c&-d \\\N1&0&-c\\\N\end{array}}\right).\N\]\NThe authors include in the present paper the following converse to Theorem 2.3 which is proved in [\textit{D. Vallières}, J. Théor. Nombres Bordx. 24, No. 1, 201--229 (2012; Zbl 1282.22003)]. In its statement \(\text{End}_0(\mathcal T)=\text{End}(\mathcal T)\otimes_{\mathbb Z}\mathbb Q\).\N\NTheorem 2.5. Given a toroidal group \(\mathcal T\) of complex rank \(\text{rk}_{\mathbb C} \mathcal T=2\) and real rank \(\text{rk}_{\mathbb R} \mathcal T=3\) with extra multiplications, the field \(K=\text{End}_0(\mathcal T)\) is a non-totally real cubic number field, and if the ring \(\text{End}(\mathcal T)\) coincides with the ring of algebraic integers \({\mathcal O}_K\), then there exists a fractional ideal \(\frac{1}{\nu}\mathcal J\), with \(\nu \in {\mathcal O}_K\) and \(\mathcal J\) an ideal of \({\mathcal O}_K\), such that \(\mathcal T\) is isomorphic to the quotient\N\[\N{\mathbb C}^2/\mu(\textstyle{\frac{1}{\nu}}\mathcal J),\N\]\Nfor a suitable Minkowski embedding \(\mu : K\rightarrow {\mathbb C}^2\).\N\NThe authors of the present paper also obtain the following theorem regarding the \(m\)-torsion of \(\mathcal T\) in the cubic case. In its statement, the representation (1.4) is recalled in the present paper, \(L=(M)+(N)\), with \(M=\text{P}(t_M)\) and \(N=\text{P}(t_N)\), and \(\sigma\) is the Weierstrass elliptic function.\N\NTheorem 2.8. In the above notation, if \(m>0\) is a fixed integer, then the torsion subgroup\N\[\N{\mathcal T}[m]=\mu(\textstyle{\frac{1}{m}}{\mathcal O}_K)/\mu({\mathcal O}_K)\N\]\Nis isomorphic to \(({\mathbb Z}/m{\mathbb Z})^3\). Furthermore, an element of \({\mathfrak J}_L(\mathcal C)\), represented as in (1.4) by the pair \((P,k)\in {\mathcal C}\times {\mathbb C}^*\), with \(P=\text{P}(t)\), belongs to the \(m\)-torsion subgroup if and only if there exists \(\zeta \in \langle 1,\tau \rangle\) such that\N\[\N\begin{cases} t=\frac{1}{m}\zeta, \\\N\\\Nk=\frac{\sigma(\frac{1}{m}\zeta-t_N)}{\sigma(\frac{1}{m}\zeta-t_M)}\sqrt[m]{\frac{\sigma(\zeta-t_M)}{\sigma(\zeta-t_N)}\frac{\sigma(t_M)^{m-1}}{\sigma(t_N)^{m-1}}} \end{cases}\N\]\NThe authors obtain results similar to Theorems 2.3 and 2.5 for certain quartic fields.