Cohomology of GKM fiber bundles (Q658546)

Let \(T\) be an \(n\)-dimensional torus, and let \(M\) be a compact, connected \(T\)-manifold. Then the equivariant cohomology ring of \(M\), \({H_T}^*(M, \mathbb R)\) , is an \(\mathbb S({\mathfrak t}^*)\)-module where \(\mathbb S({\mathfrak t}^*) = {H_T}^*(point)\) is the symmetric algebra on \({\mathfrak t}^*\) which is dual of the Lie algebra of \(T\). If \({H_T}^*(M)\) is torsion-free, the restriction map, \[ i^* : {H_T}^*(M) \to {H_T}^*(M^T) \] is injective. If \(M^T\) is finite, then \[ {H_T}^*(M^T) = \bigoplus_{p\in M^T} \mathbb S({\mathfrak t}^*) . \] Determining the image of \({H_T}^*(M)\) in this direct sum is a challenging problem. However for some spaces \(M\) with \({H_T}^*(M)\) torsion free, this problem is simple and an elegant solution was introduced by \textit{M. Goresky, R. Kottwitz} and \textit{R. MacPherson} in [``Equivariant cohomology, Koszul duality, and the localization theorem'', Invent. Math. 131, No. 1, 25--83 (1998; Zbl 0897.22009)]. These space are called GKM-spaces. An equivariant space \(M\) is a GKM-space if \(M^T\) is finite and every codimension one subtorus \(T' \subset T\) , the connected components of \(M^{T'}\) are either points, or 2-spheres. To each GKM-space \(M\) a graph \(\Gamma = {\Gamma}_M\) is defined where the vertices of \(\Gamma \) are points of \(M^T\) and the edges of \(\Gamma \) are the 2-spheres. By a result of \textit{T. Chang} and \textit{T. Skjelbred} in [``Topological Schur lemma and related results'', Ann. Math. (2) 100, 307--321 (1974; Zbl 0249.57023)], \({H}^*(\Gamma)\) is the image of \(i^*\) and we have an isomorphism \({H_T}^*(M)\cong {H}^*(\Gamma)\). In this paper the authors examine the equivariant cohomology \({H_T}^*(M)\) of a GKM space. Using a holonomy action of the groupoid of paths in \(\Gamma_2\) on the ring \({H}^*(\Gamma_1)\), they define a fiber bundle of a GKM graph \((\Gamma_1, \alpha_1)\) over a GKM graph \((\Gamma_2, \alpha_2)\). They explore the properties of such fiber bundles and apply these results to fiber bundles between generalized flag varieties such as fiber bundles of the form \[ \pi . G/P_1 \to G/P_2, \] where \(G\) is a semisimple Lie group and \(P_1\) and \(P_2\) are parabolic subgroups. In particular they examine the fiber bundle \[ \pi : \mathcal FL \to \mathcal G_k (\mathbb C^n) \] of complete flags in \(\mathbb C^n\) over the Grassmannian of \(k\)-subspaces of \(\mathbb C^n\) and the analogue of this fibration for the classical matrix groups. Using Schubert calculus they compute the subring of invariant classes in \({H_T}^*(M)\).