A prime sensitive Hankel determinant of Jacobi symbol enumerators (Q659598)

Let \(n\) be an odd integer. For \(k=1, 2,\ldots, n\) define the polynomials \(a_k(x)\) as \[ a_k(x)=\sum_{m=0}^{k} J(k-m, n)x^{m}, \] where \(J(a, m)\) is the Jacobi symbol. Define the \(n\times n\) Hankel determinant \(H_n(x)\) as \[ H_n(x)=\det[a_{i+j-1}(x)]. \] The author shows that \(H_n(x)\) vanishes if and only if \(n\) is composite. If \(p\) is a prime, \[ H_p(x)=(-1)^{p-1\over 2} p^{p-3\over 2}\sum_{k=0}^{p-1} b_k x^k, \] where \[ b_k=\sum_{i=1}^{p-k} \left(i\over p\right). \] Here \(\left(a\over p\right)\) is the Legendre symbol. For any \(p\), \(x^2\mid H_p(x)\), and if \(p\equiv 1\pmod{4}\), then also \((x^2-1)\mid H_p(x)\).