A prime sensitive Hankel determinant of Jacobi symbol enumerators

DOI10.1007/S00026-011-0069-6MaRDI QIDQ659598zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Ömer Eğecioğlu

Publication date 24 January 2012

Published in Annals of Combinatorics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0803.2834

zbMATH Keywords

determinantGauss sumHankel matrixJacobi symbolLegendre symbolprime number

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Power residues, reciprocity (11A15) Matrices, determinants in number theory (11C20) Gauss and Kloosterman sums; generalizations (11L05)

Abstract: We show that the determinant of a Hankel matrix of odd dimension n whose entries are the enumerators of the Jacobi symbols which depend on the row and the column indices vanishes iff n is composite. If the dimension is a prime p, then the determinant evaluates to a polynomial of degree p-1 which is the product of a power of p and the generating polynomial of the partial sums of Legendre symbols. The sign of the determinant is determined by the quadratic character of -1 modulo p. The proof of the evaluation makes use of elementary properties of Legendre symbols, quadratic Gauss sums and orthogonality of trigonometric functions.

Review text

Let \(n\) be an odd integer. For \(k=1, 2,\ldots, n\) define the polynomials \(a_k(x)\) as \[ a_k(x)=\sum_{m=0}^{k} J(k-m, n)x^{m}, \] where \(J(a, m)\) is the Jacobi symbol. Define the \(n\times n\) Hankel determinant \(H_n(x)\) as \[ H_n(x)=\det[a_{i+j-1}(x)]. \] The author shows that \(H_n(x)\) vanishes if and only if \(n\) is composite. If \(p\) is a prime, \[ H_p(x)=(-1)^{p-1\over 2} p^{p-3\over 2}\sum_{k=0}^{p-1} b_k x^k, \] where \[ b_k=\sum_{i=1}^{p-k} \left(i\over p\right). \] Here \(\left(a\over p\right)\) is the Legendre symbol. For any \(p\), \(x^2\mid H_p(x)\), and if \(p\equiv 1\pmod{4}\), then also \((x^2-1)\mid H_p(x)\).

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Cited in

(2)

• On some determinants involving Jacobi symbols
• On t-extensions of the Hankel determinants of certain automatic sequences

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