On stability discrimination of limit cycles for piecewise smooth systems (Q6596317)

The goal of this paper is to provide a formulae for the first derivative of the Poincaré first-return map of limit cycles of piecewise smooth systems defined on open regions of the plane.\N\NTo this end, consider the piecewise vector field given by\N\[\N\dot x=f(x,y), \quad \dot y=g(x,y),\N\]\Nwhere\N\[\Nf(x,y)=\begin{cases}f_1(x,y) & \text{if } (x,y)\in D_1, \\\Nf_2(x,y) & \text{if } (x,y)\in D_2, \end{cases} \quad g(x,y)=\begin{cases} g_1(x,y) & \text{if } (x,y)\in D_1, \\\Ng_2(x,y) & \text{if } (x,y)\in D_2, \end{cases}\N\]\Nwith \(f_i\), \(g_i\), \(i\in\{1,2\}\), are functions of class \(C^k\), \(k\geqslant1\); \(D_1\), \(D_2\subset\mathbb{R}^2\) are open sets with \(D_1\cap D_2=\emptyset\) and \(\overline{D}_1\cap\overline{D}_2=\ell_1\cup\ell_2\), where \(\overline{D}\) denotes the closure of \(D\) and \(\ell_i\) is a \(C^k\)-curve, \(i\in\{1,2\}\). Let \(Q_i\in\ell_i\) and suppose that \(\ell_i\) is locally given by\N\[\N\ell_i\colon (x,y)=Q_i+q_i(a),\N\]\Nwhere \(q_i(a)=(\varphi_i(a),\psi_i(a))\), with \(\varphi\), \(\psi\colon(-\varepsilon_0,\varepsilon_0)\to\mathbb{R}\) of class \(C^k\) and \(q_i(0)=0\), \(i\in\{1,2\}\), and \(\varepsilon_0>0\) small enough. Suppose that the piecewise smooth system has a periodic orbit \(L=L_1\cup L_2\), with \(L_i=\{u_i(t)\colon 0\leqslant t\leqslant t_i\}\subset D_i\), \(i\in\{1,2\}\), and with \(u_1(0)=Q_1\), \(u_1(t_1)=Q_2\), \(u_2(0)=Q_2\) and \(u_2(t_2)=Q_1\). Suppose also that \(L\) is transversal to \(\ell_i\) at \(Q_i\), \(i\in\{1,2\}\). Under these general framework, the authors define the Poincaré first-return map \(P\colon \ell_1\to\ell_1\) and prove that its first derivative at \(P(0)=Q_1\) is given by\N\[\NP'(0)=\frac{K_1}{K_2}\exp\left(\int_{\widehat{Q_1Q_2}}(f_{1,x}+g_{1,y})dt+\int_{\widehat{Q_2Q_1}}(f_{2,x}+g_{2,y})dt\right),\N\]\Nwhere \(K_1>0\) and \(K_2>0\) are explicitly given constants depending, among other things, on the angle between \(L_i\) and \(\ell_i\) at \(Q_i\), \(i\in\{1,2\}\). In particular if the piecewise vector field is continuous, then \(K_1=K_2\).\N\NThe authors also generalize the above formula for the case in which the piecewise smooth vector field has \(n\geqslant 2\) smooth components. Applications on piecewise Hamiltonian and piecewise Lienard systems are also considered.