The full group of automorphisms of non-orientable unbordered Klein surfaces of topological genus 8 (Q6600740)

This paper is devoted to fully determining the full automorphism group of the non-orientable unbordered Klein surfaces, which are also known as non-orientable Riemann surfaces, of topological genus \(8\). The author addresses that genus \(8\) is the last one we can study by using techniques presented in this article. If genus becomes \(9\) or greater, then we need to study groups with high order along with complex algebraic structures.\N\NA Klein surface \(X\) is a compact surface equipped with a dianalytic structure (see [\textit{N. L. Alling} and \textit{N. Greenleaf}, Foundations of the theory of Klein surfaces. Springer, Cham (1971; Zbl 0225.30001)]). Klein surfaces can be viewed as a generalization of Riemann surfaces which include bordered and non-orientable ones. An orientable unbordered Klein surface is a Riemann surface. When we study Klein surfaces and their automorphism groups, the non-Euclidean crystallographic (NEC) groups play a key role. An NEC group \(\Gamma\) is a discrete subgroup of the full group of isometries of the hyperbolic plane \(\mathcal H\), which include orientation reversing elements, with compact quotient \(\mathcal H/\Gamma\).\N\NEach NEC group \(\Gamma\) has associated a \textit{signature}. Note that details can be found in [\textit{A. M. Macbeath}, Can. J. Math. 19, 1192--1205 (1967; Zbl 0183.03402)], but here is a brief description. \(\sigma(\Gamma)\) \(=\) \((g, \pm, [m_1, \dots, m_r], \{n_{i, 1}, \dots, n_{i, s_i}, i = 1, \dots, k \})\), where \(g\), \(k\), \(r\), \(m_p\), \(n_{i, j}\) \(\in\) \(\mathbb Z\) satisfying \(g\), \(k\), \(r \geq 0\), \(m_p \geq 2\), \(n_{i, j} \geq 2\). We denote \([-]\),\((-)\), and \(\{-\}\) when \(r = 0\), \(s_i = 0\), and \(k = 0\) respectively. The signature provides a presentation of \(\Gamma\) (see [\textit{H. C. Wilkie}, Math. Z. 91, 87--102 (1966; Zbl 0166.02602)]). To give us some ideas, suppose \(\sigma\) has sign ``\(+\)''. Then, the generators are: \(x_p\) \((p = 1, \dots, r)\); \(e_i\) \((i = 1, \dots, k)\); \(c_{i, j}\) \((i = 1, \dots, k; j = 0, \dots, s_i)\); \(a_t\), \(b_t\) \((t = 1, \dots, g)\). The relations are: \(x^{m_p}_p=1\); \(c^2_{i, j-1}=c^2_{i, j}=(c_{i,j-1}c_{i, j})^{n_{i,j}}=1\); \(c_{i,0} e_i c_{i, s_i}=1\) and \(\prod^r_{p=1}x_p \prod^k_{i=1} e_i \prod^g_{t=1}(a_t b_t a^{-1}_t b^{-1}_t)=1\). The isometries \(x_p\) are elliptic, \(a_t\), \(b_t\) are hyperbolic, \(c_{i, j}\) are reflections. Note that \(x_p\), \(a_t\), \(b_t\), \(e_i\) are orientation preserving isometries. Further, if \(\sigma\) has sign ``\(-\)'', then glide reflections \(d_t\) are added as generators, thus there are additional relations in \(\Gamma\).\N\NA finite group \(G\) of order \(n\) is an automorphism group of a Klein surface \(X = \mathcal H/\Gamma\) if and only if there is an NEC group \(\Lambda\) such that \(\Gamma \trianglelefteq \Lambda\) with the index \(n\) and \(G = \Lambda/\Gamma\) (see Remark 1.3.6 in [\textit{E. Bujalance} et al., Automorphism groups of compact bordered Klein surfaces. A combinatorial approach. Berlin etc.: Springer-Verlag (1990; Zbl 0709.14021)]). The surface of topological genus \(g \geq 3\) has at most \(84(g-2)\) automorphisms (see Section 3 in \textit{A. Bacelo} [Ars Math. Contemp. 15, No. 1, 173--190 (2018; Zbl 1418.57011)]). If \(\Gamma\) is a subgroup of an NEC group \(\Lambda\) of a finite index \(n\), then \(\Gamma\) is also an NEC group. Then, we can apply the Riemann-Hurwitz formula to the covering \(\mathcal H/\Lambda \rightarrow \mathcal H/\Gamma\) giving us the equality \(|\Gamma| = n |\Lambda|\).\N\NThe proof in obtaining the full automorphism group of the non-orientable unbordered Klein surfaces relies on those results shown in [\textit{D. Singerman}, Glasg. Math. J. 12, 50--59 (1971; Zbl 0232.30012)]. More specifically, a necessary and sufficient condition for a finite group \(G\) to be the group of automorphisms of a compact, non-orientable unbordered Klein surface of genus \(g \geq 3\) is the existence of a proper NEC group \(\Lambda\) and an epimorphism \(\theta: \Lambda \rightarrow G\) such that \(\theta(\Lambda^+) = G\) and \(\Gamma= \operatorname{ker} \theta\) is a surface group, that is, its signature has the form \(\sigma(\Gamma)=(g, -, [-]. \{-\})\).\N\NTheorem. Let \(X\) be a non-orientable unbordered Klein surface of topological genus \(8\). Its full automorphism group is one of these groups: \(C_n\) \((n = 2, 3, 4, 6)\), \(D_n\) \((n= 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14)\), \(A_4\), \(S_4\), \(L_4\), \(C_2 \times C_n\) \((n= 2, 4)\), \(C_2 \times D_n\) \((n= 4, 6, 8)\), \(C_2 \times A_4\), \(C_2 \times S_4\), \(D_3 \times D_n\) \((n =3, 4)\), \(C_2 \times C_2 \times C_2\), \(\hbox{PSL}(2, 8)\), \(\langle 2, 2, 2\rangle_2\), \(((3, 3, 3; 2))\), \((4, 6|2, 2)\), \(\Gamma_6 a_1\). Further, for any such a group, there exists a surface of genus \(8\) on which \(G\) acts as the full automorphism group.\N\NNote that \(C_n\), \(D_n\), \(Q\), \(A_4\), \(S_4\) denote the cyclic, dihedral, quaternion, alternating and symmetric groups of order \(n\), \(2n\), \(8\), \(12\), \(24\) respectively. Moreover, \(L_4\) \(=\) \(\langle x, y : x^8 = y^2 = 1, yxy=x^3 \rangle\), \(\langle 2, 2, 2\rangle_2\) \(=\) \(\langle a, y, x : a^4 =x^2=1, a^2 = y^2, xax = a^{-1}, xy=yx, ay=ya \rangle\), \(((3, 3, 3; 2))\) \(=\) \(\langle r, s : r^3 = s^3 = (rs)^3 = (r^{-1}s)^2 =1 \rangle\), and \((4, 6|2, 2)\) \(=\) \(\langle r, s : r^4 = s^6 = (rs)^2 = (r^{-1}s^{-1}rs)^2 =1 \rangle\).