On the convergence of sequences of positive linear operators towards composition operators (Q6613282)

Let \(F(X)\) be the linear space of real-valued functions on a metric space \((X,d)\), \(C_b(X)\) be the space of continuous bounded real-valued functions on \(X\), \(\left (d_x(\cdot)\right)_{x\in X}\) be a family of functions in \(F(X)\) such that for each \(x\in X\), we have \(d_x(y)=d(x,y)\) for \(y\in X\). Then, by considering a linear subspace \(E\) of \(F(X)\) such that \(\mathbf 1\) and \(d_x^p\) belong to \(E\) for every \(x\in X\) and for some \(p>0\), \((L_n)_{n\ge 1}\), a sequence of \(F(X)\)-valued positive linear operators on \(E\) such that \(|L_n(f)|\le L(g)\) for every \((f,g)\in E^2\) with \(|f|\le g\), and a sequence \((\varphi_n)_{n\ge 1}\) of \(X\)-valued mappings on \(X\) as well as \(\varphi\) a mapping from \(X\) to \(X\), then the author states the following three results.\N\N(1) Given subset \(Y\) of \(X\), assume that \N\begin{itemize}\N\item[(i)] \(\lim_{n\to\infty}\varphi_n=\varphi\) uniformly on \(Y\), \N\item[(ii)] \(\lim_{n\to \infty} L_n(\mathbf{1})=\mathbf{1}\) uniformly on \(Y\), \N\item[(iii)] \(\lim_{n\to \infty} L_n(d_{\varphi_n(x)}^p)(x)=0\) uniformly w.r.t \(x\in Y\). \N\end{itemize}\NThen for every \(f\in E\cap UC_b(X)\), the intersection of \(E\) with the space of uniformly continuous and bounded real-valued functions on \(X\), we have \(\lim_{n\to\infty} L_n(f)=f\circ\varphi\) uniformly on \(Y\).\N\N(2) Given a compact subset \(K\) of \(X\), assume that \(\varphi_n(K)\subset K\) for every \(n\ge 1\), and that the previous assumptions (i)--(iii) hold true for \(Y=K\). Then for every \(f\in E\cap B(X)\), the intersection of \(E\) with the space of bounded real-valued functions on \(X\), \(f\) continuous on \(K\), we have \(\lim_{n\to\infty}L_n(f)=f\circ \varphi\) uniformly on \(K\).\N\N(3) Assume that \(X\) is locally compact, \(C_b(X)\subset E\) and \(\varphi\) maps compact subsets into relatively compact subsets. If conditions (i)--(iii) hold true uniformly on compact subsets of \(X\), then for every \(f\in C_b(X)\), we have \(\lim_{n\to \infty}L_n(f)=f\circ \varphi\) uniformly on compact subsets of \(X\) (Theorem 2.2). \N\NThen by employing results of this latter theorem, the author provides an extension of Korovkin's theorem, see Corollary 2.4 of \textit{F. Altomare} [Expo. Math. 40, No. 4, 1229--1243 (2022; Zbl 1526.41007)], the extension concerns of composition operators as a limit operator (part (3) of Theorem 3.1). Also, by using Theorem 2,2, the author examines some extensions of Feller's theorem, e.g., see Theorem 5.2.2 of \textit{F. Altomare} and \textit{M. Campiti} [Korovkin-type approximation theory and its applications. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter (1994; Zbl 0924.41001)] for composition operators (part (1) Theorem 4.1).