Periodic solutions of forced second order equations with oscillatory time map (Q688874)

The authors consider the periodic solutions of the periodically forced second order equation \[ (d^ 2 x/dt^ 2)+ f(x)(dx/dt)+ g(x)= p(t,x,(dx/dt))\tag{1} \] with \(f\), \(p\in C^ 0\), \(g\in C'\) and \(p\) being 1-least periodic in \(t\), which can be treated as a perturbation of the integrable equation (2) \((d^ 2 x/dt^ 2)+ g(x)=0\). The action-angle variables \((I,\theta)\) are used to study the time map of the Duffing equation (2). Then the Fučik-Lovicar theorem and the generalized Poincaré-Birkhoff twist theorem are applied to prove the existence of periodic solutions of (1). The main assumption is the oscillation condition of the time map of (2). As applications of the main theorems of this paper, some interesting examples are presented, which are neither superlinear nor semilinear and sublinear.