Iso-retractability of modules related to small submodules (Q6922445)

In this paper the authors introduce and study two related classes of modules: small iso-retractable and small iso-coretractable modules. The main structural result (Proposition 2.5) shows that a small iso-retractable module is either \(J\)-semisimple or iso-retractable. Further refinements are obtained in Section 3: over a commutative PID (Theorem 3.5), and for torsion-free modules over an arbitrary ring \(R\) (Theorem 3.9), such modules are either \(J\)-semisimple or isomorphic to the ring \(R\).\N\NA ring-theoretic characterization is also established: every left \(R\)-module is small iso-retractable if and only if \(R\) is a left \(V\)-ring (Theorem 3.1). In addition, a characterization of semisimple modules in terms of small iso-retractable modules is given (Proposition 3.11).\N\NSection 4 develops the dual notion by examining small iso-coretractability, with emphasis on its behaviour under direct sums and related closure properties.