Unifying typical entanglement and coin tossing: on randomization in probabilistic theories (Q694995)

It is known that pure quantum states which are almost maximally entangled have close to maximally mixed subsystems. The authors consider whether this is true for probabilistic theories more generally, and not just for quantum theory and also derive a formula for the expected purity of a subsystem in any probabilistic theory for also which this quantity is well-defined. The basic results are contained in two theorems. {Theorem 1.} Let \(A, B,\) and \(AB\) be transitive dynamical state spaces, where \(A\) and \(AB\) are irreducible. Draw a state \(\omega^{AB} \in \Omega_{AB}\) of fixed purity \(\mathcal{P}(\omega^{AB})\) randomly. Then, the expected purity of the local reduced state \(\omega^{A}\) is \[ \mathbb{E}\mathcal{P}(\omega^{A})=\frac{K_{A} - 1}{K_{A}K_{B} - 1}\cdot \frac{\mathcal{P}(\omega^{AB})}{\mathcal{P}(\varphi^{A}\otimes\mu^{B})} \] where \(\varphi^{A}\) is an arbitrary pure state on \(A\), and \(\mu^{B}\) is the maximally mixed state on \(B\). \(K\) is the number of real parameterizing the respective state space. {Theorem 2.} Let \(A, B,\) and \(AB\) be irreducible, and suppose that \(AB\) carries a composite classical subsystem. Draw a state \(\omega^{AB} \in \Omega_{AB}\)of fixed purity \(\mathcal{P}(\omega^{AB})\) randomly, then \[ \mathbb{E}\mathcal{P}(\omega^{A})=\frac{K_{A} - 1}{K_{A}K_{B} - 1}\cdot \frac{N_{A} N_{B} -1}{N_{A} -1 }\cdot \mathcal{P}(\omega^{AB}) \] These theorems give explicit expressions for the expected local purity of random bipartite states. \(N\) is the dimension of the Hilbert space of the respective system in the quantum case and \(K-N\) in the classical case.