An index for inclusions of operator systems (Q6971107)

The paper generalizes the Pimsner-Popa index for II\(_2\) subfactors to the setting of operator systems. Given an inclusion of operator systems \(X_0 \subset X\), the authors defined the CP-index as \N\[\N\mathrm{Ind}_{CP}(X:X_0) := \inf \|\phi(1)\|, \N\]\Nwhere the infimum is taken over all completely positive maps \N\[\N\phi: X \rightarrow X_0\N\]\Nsuch that \(\phi\) is unital on scalars, i.e., \(\phi(\mathbb{C}1_X)=\mathbb{C} 1_X\), \(\phi(X)\subset X_0\) and \(\phi- \mathrm{id}_X\) is a completely positive.\N\NIf no such \(\phi\) exists the CP-index is defined to be \(\infty\).\N\NThe author proves that the index is multiplicative under minimal tensor products and that it is computable via semidefinite programming. Moreover, for matrix systems arising from graphs, the CP-index coincides exactly with the Lovász theta invariant. This establishes a strong connection between operator system theory, semidefinite optimization and graph invariants in quantum information.