On computing finite index subgroups of \(\mathrm{PSL}_2(\mathbb{Z})\) (Q6988946)

In his 1991 paper [Am. J. Math. 113, No. 6, 1053--1133 (1991; Zbl 0758.11024)] \textit{R. S. Kulkarni} describes a method of enumerating the conjugacy classes of subgroups of finite index in the modular group \(\mathrm{PSL}_{2}(\mathbb{Z })\) and illustrates the method on some examples of small index. For background explaining the interest in this problem see, for example, Kulkarni's paper and the expository paper [\textit{L. Ling}, Fields Inst. Commun. 54, 83--102 (2008; Zbl 1163.11032)].\N\NIn the present paper the authors provide an implementation of Kulkarni's method written in \textrm{GAP }and use it to enumerate the \(\mathrm{SL}_{2}( \mathbb{Z})\)- and \(\mathrm{GL}_{2}(\mathbb{Z)}\)-classes of subgroups of index \(n\leq 20\). They show that, up to \(\mathrm{SL}_{2}(\mathbb{Z})\)-equivalence there are \(16381\) subgroups of index \(n\leq 20\) of which only \( 90\) are congruence subgroups; \(2410\) of these subgroups correspond to curves of genus \(1\) and only \(9\) subgroups correspond to curves of genus \(2\).\N\NDetails of the computations are posted on a GitHub repository, but a summary of the results for the subgroups of index \(n\leq 7\) is included in the published paper. For each subgroup the following data is calculated: its index \(n\), its Kulkarni graph, its generalized Farey series, the genus of the corresponding curve, a set of generators, whether the group is a congruence group, some miscellaneous topological data and a passport (a set of permutations which give an alternative description of the subgroup).