On computing finite index subgroups of PSL₂(Z)

DOI10.1142/S0219498825502159MaRDI QIDQ6988946zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Nicolás Mayorga Uruburu, Ariel Pacetti, L. Vendramin

Publication date 30 April 2025

Published in Journal of Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219498825502159

zbMATH Keywords

bi-valent graphssubgroups of the modular group

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Graph algorithms (graph-theoretic aspects) (05C85) Structure of modular groups and generalizations; arithmetic groups (11F06)

Review text

In his 1991 paper [Am. J. Math. 113, No. 6, 1053--1133 (1991; Zbl 0758.11024)] \textit{R. S. Kulkarni} describes a method of enumerating the conjugacy classes of subgroups of finite index in the modular group \(\mathrm{PSL}_{2}(\mathbb{Z })\) and illustrates the method on some examples of small index. For background explaining the interest in this problem see, for example, Kulkarni's paper and the expository paper [\textit{L. Ling}, Fields Inst. Commun. 54, 83--102 (2008; Zbl 1163.11032)].\N\NIn the present paper the authors provide an implementation of Kulkarni's method written in \textrm{GAP }and use it to enumerate the \(\mathrm{SL}_{2}( \mathbb{Z})\)- and \(\mathrm{GL}_{2}(\mathbb{Z)}\)-classes of subgroups of index \(n\leq 20\). They show that, up to \(\mathrm{SL}_{2}(\mathbb{Z})\)-equivalence there are \(16381\) subgroups of index \(n\leq 20\) of which only \( 90\) are congruence subgroups; \(2410\) of these subgroups correspond to curves of genus \(1\) and only \(9\) subgroups correspond to curves of genus \(2\).\N\NDetails of the computations are posted on a GitHub repository, but a summary of the results for the subgroups of index \(n\leq 7\) is included in the published paper. For each subgroup the following data is calculated: its index \(n\), its Kulkarni graph, its generalized Farey series, the genus of the corresponding curve, a set of generators, whether the group is a congruence group, some miscellaneous topological data and a passport (a set of permutations which give an alternative description of the subgroup).

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