Representation of solutions of linear discrete systems with constant coefficients and with delays (Q6996460)

The paper surveys a broad area of results concerning the representation of solutions for linear nonhomogeneous discrete systems with constant coefficients and delays, including first-order and second-order difference systems as well as their fractional variants. The central theme is the construction and application of discrete delayed-type matrix functions -- such as discrete delayed exponentials, multi-delayed exponentials, and delayed trigonometric-type matrix functions -- which allow closed-form expressions for solutions of initial value problems with delay terms. The author systematically presents the development of these matrix functions from their origins in earlier work with \textit{D. Ya. Khusainov} [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 318, No. 1, 63--76 (2006; Zbl 1094.39002)], through later generalizations to multiple delays, non-commutative matrices, impulse effects, and fractional difference settings.\N\NFor systems with first-order differences, the survey covers both the commutative and non-commutative cases, highlighting approaches based on combinatorial formulas, the method of steps, and the Z-transform. The review includes recent advances enabling explicit representation even when matrices do not commute or depend on time. Analogous constructions for second-order systems are presented through delayed discrete cosine and sine matrix functions, including their algebraic properties and use in representation formulas. A parallel line of development for continuous-time delay differential systems is also briefly discussed, emphasizing similarities and differences with the discrete theory.\N\NThe survey is comprehensive and clearly written, offering a unified view of a research area that has grown significantly in the last two decades. It gathers a large number of formulas and representation techniques scattered across many papers, providing a useful reference for researchers working on stability, controllability, and numerical analysis of discrete delay systems. The paper concludes with open problems and perspectives, which may serve as motivation for further work in the field.