The quantitative Kurosh problem (Q7025875)

Golod constructed the first counterexamples to the Kurosh Problem, namely, he constructed finitely generated, infinite-dimensional, nil algebras [\textit{E. S. Golod}, Transl., Ser. 2, Am. Math. Soc. 48, 103--106 (1965; Zbl 0215.39202); translation from Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 28, 273--276 (1964)]. It was known that that examples have exponential growth. First examples of infinite-dimensional associative nil algebras of polynomially bounded growth over any countable fields were constructed in [\textit{T. H. Lenagan} and \textit{A. Smoktunowicz}, J. Am. Math. Soc. 20, No. 4, 989--1001 (2007; Zbl 1127.16017)].\N\NThe author proves a quantitative version of the Kurosh problem on growth of finitely generated associative algebras, also confirming conjecture of Zelmanov that the set of growth functions of algebras ``almost'' coincides with the growth functions of nil algebras (except for algebras of linear growth).\N\NLet \(\gamma_A(n)\) denote the growth function of a finitely generated algebra, and \(\preceq\), \(\sim\), are the equivalence relations for growth functions. A Lie algebra is called nil if all of its elements are ad-nilpotent.\N\NAs a main result, the author extends results proved in [\textit{B. Greenfeld} and \textit{E. Zelmanov}, Adv. Math. 431, Article ID 109230, 28 p. (2023; Zbl 1533.16034)].\N\NTheorem. Let \(f:\mathbb N\to\mathbb N\) be the growth function of any finitely generated infinite-dimensional associative algebra, not of linear growth. Then there exists a finitely generated nil graded algebra \(A\) over any countable field such that \N\[\Nf(n) \preceq \gamma_A(n) \preceq n^{4+\epsilon} f (n)\N\]\Nfor all \(\epsilon > 0\), and a finitely generated nil graded algebra over an arbitrary field such that \N\[ \Nf(n) \preceq \gamma_A(n) \preceq n^{\omega(n)} f (n)\N\]\Nfor any arbitrarily slow given function \(\omega(n)\) tending to infinity.\N\NCorollary 1. For every \(\alpha \in (0, 1)\), there exists a finitely generated nil graded associative algebra \(A\) and a finitely generated nil graded Lie algebra \(L\) over an arbitrary field such that \N\[\N\gamma_A(n)\sim \gamma_L(n) \sim\exp(n^\alpha).\N\]\NCorollary 2. For every \(\alpha\ge 6\), there exists a finitely generated nil graded associative algebra \(A\) and a finitely generated nil graded Lie algebra \(L\) over any countable field, both with the Gelfand-Kirillov dimension equal to \(\alpha\).\N\NThese are the first examples of nil Lie algebras of known subexponential growth, over any field of characteristic zero. Examples of finitely generated nil Lie algebras of known polynomial growth over fields of positive characteristic were constructed in [\textit{V. M. Petrogradsky}, J. Algebra 302, No. 2, 881--886 (2006; Zbl 1109.17008); Commun. Algebra 45, No. 7, 2912--2941 (2017; Zbl 1430.17055)]; and that of subexponential (oscillating) growth in [\textit{V. Petrogradsky}, J. Algebra 588, 349--407 (2021; Zbl 1482.17043)].