Parametric resonance in adiabatic oscillators (Q708721)

This paper studies the existence of unbounded solutions of the adiabatic oscillator \[ \frac{d^2x}{dt^2}+\left(1+a\;\frac{\sin\varphi(t)}{t^\rho}\right)x=0, \quad t\in\mathbb{R},\quad \rho>0,\quad a\in\mathbb{R}\setminus \{0\}. \] The proofs are based on averaging changes of variables in systems with oscillatory decreasing coefficients and Levinson's fundamental theorem for systems of differential equations. The authors show that, when \(\varphi(t)\) has the form \[ \varphi(t)=t+\alpha \ln(t),\quad \alpha\in\mathbb{R}, \] the parameter \(\rho\) plays an important role. For \(\rho>1/2\), all solutions are bounded (stable). For \(\rho<1/2\), there exist unbounded solutions (unstable). For \(\rho=1/2\), there exists an instability domain (parametric resonance zone): \(-5a^2/24\leq\alpha\leq a^2/24\). Moreover, when \(\varphi(t)\) has the form \[ \varphi(t)=t+\alpha t^\beta,\quad \alpha\neq 0,\quad 0<\beta<1, \] the hyperplane \(\beta+2\rho-1=0\) divides the space of parameters \((a, \alpha, \beta, \rho)\) into two half-spaces. In the first half-space \((\beta+2\rho-1>0)\), all solutions are bounded. In the other half-space \((\beta+2\rho-1>0)\), there exists unbounded solutions. On the hyperplane \(\beta+2\rho-1=0\), either stability or instability of solutions may occur.