Finite groups with a large normalized sum of element orders (Q7301113)

For a finite group \(G\), let \(\psi(G)\) denote the sum of the orders of its elements and set \[\psi'(G)=\psi(G)/\psi(C_{|G|}).\] The paper proves that \(\psi'(G)>19/43=\psi'(D_8)\) implies that the subgroup lattice of \(G\) is modular. More precisely, such a group is, up to isomorphism, cyclic or belongs to one of the families \[(C_{2^{k-1}}\times C_2)\times C_{m}\] \[M(2^k)\times C_m\] \[Q_8\times C_m\] \[(C_3\rtimes C_{2^k})\times C_m\] \[(C_5\rtimes C_2)\times C_m\] and \[(C_5\rtimes C_4)\times C_m\] with the parameter restrictions specified in the paper; in the three semidirect products the action is induced by inversion. Here \[M(2^k)=\langle x,y\mid x^{2^{k-1}}=y^2=1,\ yxy^{-1}=x^{2^{k-2}+1}\rangle .\] The equality case is also determined: \(\psi'(G)=19/43\) if and only if \(G\) is isomorphic either to \(D_8\times C_m\), with \((m,2)=1\), or to \((C_7\rtimes C_2)\times C_m\), with \((m,14)=1\). The arguments are further extended to give a complete description of all finite groups satisfying \(\psi'(G)>31/77=\psi'(A_4)\), thereby determining the groups covered by the corresponding supersolubility criterion.