Covering mappings and their applications to differential equations unsolved for the derivative (Q731528)

If \(X\) is a metric space, \(B(u,r)\) denotes the closed ball with center \(u\in X\) and radius \(r\geq 0\). Let \(X\) and \(Y\) be metric spaces and \(\alpha> 0\). A map \(F: X\to Y\) is said to be an \(\alpha\)-covering with respect to the sets \(U\subseteq X\) and \(V\subseteq Y\) if the inclusion \(B_Y(F(u),\alpha r)\cap V\subseteq F(B_x(u,r))\) holds for every \(u\in U\) and \(r> 0\) such that \(B_x(u,r)\subseteq U\). This map is said to be conditionally \(\alpha\)-covering if it is \(\alpha\)-covering with respect to the sets \(U\) and \(\widehat V= V\cap F(U)\). The authors study the equation of the form \(\phi(x,x)= y\), where \(\phi: X\times X\to Y\) is a given map. They show that if \(\phi\) is conditionally \(\alpha\)-covering in its first argument and is \(\beta\)-Lipschitz in the second argument and \(\beta<\alpha\), then this \(\beta\)-Lipschitz map, considered as a perturbation, does not violate the solvability of the equation \(\phi(x,x)= y\).