A generalization of sectorial and quasi-sectorial operators (Q765920)

If the derivative \(u'(t)\) in the abstract differential equation \[ u'(t) = -Au(t) \, , \quad u(0) = u_0, \] is approximated by the finite difference quotient \((u(t) - u(t - h))/h\), the difference formula \( u(t) + hAu(t) = u(t - h)\), i.e., \(u(t) = (I + hA)^{-1} u(t - h)\) results. Iterating this formula in the interval \([0, t]\) with step size \(h = t/n\), we obtain \[ u_n(t) = \Big( 1 + {t \over n} A\Big)^{-n}u_0 \] and a classical result (the Trotter product formula) establishes that \(u_n(t) \to S(t)u_0,\) where \(S(t)\) is the strongly continuous semigroup generated by \(-A.\) The emphasis of this paper is on explicit rate-of-convergence formulas \[ \Big \| \Big( 1 + {t \over n} A\Big)^{-n} - S(t) \Big \| \leq CK^3 n^{1 - 2\beta}, \] where \(C\) is an absolute constant and \(K, \beta\) are the constants in two boundedness conditions involving the resolvent of \(A.\) These conditions are related to the definition of sectorial and quasi-sectorial operators.