Normalizing rings (Q778774)

A seminormed ring is a pair \((R, {\|\cdot\|})\), where \(R\) is a nonzero unital associative ring equipped with a submultiplicative group seminorm ${\|\cdot\|}$ on the additive group of \(R\), i.e., \({\|\cdot\|}\) is a group seminorm satisfying also the condition \(\| rs\|\leqslant\| r \| \|s\| \). If the seminorm is actually a norm, then \((R, {\|\cdot\|}))\) is called a normed ring. An absolute-valued ring is a pair \((R, {|\cdot|}) \), where \(R\) is a nonzero unital associative ring and \({|\cdot|}\) is a multiplicative seminorm on the additive group of \(R\), i.e., \(|rs|=|r||s|\) for all \(r, s\in R\). For a ring \(R\) with zero element \(\theta_R\), let \({\mathcal U}(R)\) denote the multiplicative group of all invertible elements of \(R\). A topological ring \(R\) is called practical if \(\theta_R\) is contained in the closure of the set \({\mathcal U}(R)\). Similarly, a seminormed left module \(M\) over a seminormed ring \((R, {\|\cdot\|_R}) \) is a module equipped with a submultiplicative group seminorm \({\|\cdot\|_M})\) on the additive group of \(M\), i.e., the seminorm has to satisfy the condition \(\|rm\|_M\leqslant\| r \|_R\| m\|_M\). For a seminormed ring \((R, {\|\cdot\|_R})\), \(s\in R\) and \(\epsilon>0\), let the set \(B_R(s, \epsilon)=\{r\in R: \|r-s\|_R\leqslant\epsilon\}\) denote the closed ball with center in \(r\) and radius \(\epsilon\). A seminormed ring \((R, {\|\cdot\|_R})\) is called normalizing if every seminormed left \(R\)-module \((M, {\|\cdot\|_M}) \) satisfies the so called normalizing condition: for every \(m\in M\) with \(\| m\|_M >0\), there exists \((r_n)_{n\in\mathbb N}$ in ${\mathcal U}(R)\cap B_r(\theta_R, \| m \|_M^{-1})\) such that \(\| r_nm\|_M\) converges to \(1\) as \(n\) goes to infinity. The aim of the present paper is to generalize results known for complex Banach spaces to the setting of normed rings. The results obtained in the paper are connected with linear functionals, weak module topologies, separation properties, torsion, feasibility, duals of rings, operator norms, compactness of the unit sphere, linear projections and smoothness. For example, the Banach-Alaoglu theorem for normed modules is stated and proved in this paper as follows: Let \(M\) be a normed module over a practical absolute-valued ring \(R\). If \(B_R(\theta_R, 1)\) is compact, then \(B_{M^*}(\theta_{M^*}, 1)\) is w\(^*\)-compact.