Periodic solutions of a periodically perturbed Lotka-Volterra equation using the Poincaré-Birkhoff theorem (Q807803)

The following ODE is considered \[ (1)\quad u'=(1+h_ 1(t))-(1+h_ 3(t))e^{\mu v},\quad v'=-(1+h_ 3(t))+(1+h_ 4(t))e^ u, \] where the \(h_ i: {\mathbb{R}}\to {\mathbb{R}}\), \(i=1,...,4\), are continuous and T- periodic functions. (1) is a time dependent perturbation of the autonomous Hamiltonian system \[ (2)\quad x'=1-e^{\mu y},\quad y'=e^ x-1. \] Both (1) and (2) can be derived from a Lotka-Volterra model with periodic coefficients of the form \[ (3)\quad x'=A(t)x-B(t)xy,\quad y'=- C(t)y+D(t)xy. \] The authors use a generalization of the Poincaré- Birkhoff Theorem due to \textit{W. Y. Ding} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 88, 341- 346 (1983; Zbl 0522.55005)] and techniques related to those of \textit{T. R. Ding} [ibid. 86, 47-54 (1982; Zbl 0511.34031)] to prove the existence of T-periodic solutions of (1). They also show how to give a lower bound for the number of such solutions.