On absolute algebraic geometry the affine case (Q822705)

In this breakthrough paper authors present the affine case of absolute algebraic geometry as ``algebraic geometry for general Segal's \(\Gamma\)-rings''. Let \( \mathfrak{Ring}\) be the category of commutative rings and \(\mathfrak{Mo}\) be the category of commutative monoids. The category \(\mathfrak{MR} = \mathfrak{Ring} \cup_{\beta, \beta^*}\mathfrak{Mo}\) is obtained by gluing togeter the categories \(\mathfrak{Ring}\) and \(\mathfrak{Mo}\) using the pair of adjoint functors \(\beta\) and \({\beta^*}\). The main results in the paper are Theorem 3.1 on the category \(\mathfrak{MR}\) , Theorem 5.11 on the functoriality of \({\mathfrak {Spec}}(A)\), Theorem 6.5 on the topos \({\mathfrak {Spec}}(HR)\) in the case of a semiring \(R\) and Theorem 7.10 on the functoriality of the structure sheaf \(\mathcal O^{++}_A\). Let \(\mathfrak S\) be a \(\mathbb S\)-algebra by \textit{B. I. Dundas} et al. [The local structure of algebraic K-theory. London: Springer (2013; Zbl 1272.55002)]. Part (iii) of the Theorem 3.1 of the paper under review asserts that the category \(\mathfrak{MR}\) is a full subcategory of the category \(\mathfrak S\) of \(\mathbb S\)-algebras. Now let \(A\) be a commutative \(\mathbb S\)-algebra. Authors provide the basics of (affine) algebraic geometry over \(\mathbb S\) by defining and investigating for ``\(\mathbb S\)-algebra \(A\) its spectrum \({\mathfrak {Spec}}(A)\) understood as the pair of a Grothendieck site and a structure presheaf of \(\mathbb S\)-algebras, whose associated sheaf is a sheaf of \(\mathbb S\)-algebras''. The Grothendieck site is defined by authors as the pair \((C^{\infty}(A), J(A))\) where \(C^{\infty}(A)\) is a small category and \(J(A)\) is the Grothendieck topology on \(C^{\infty}(A)\). Let \(R\) be a semiring and \(HR\) be the corresponding \(\mathbb S\)-algebra. Theorem 6.5 compares the points of the topos \({\mathfrak {Spec}}(HR)\) with the set of prime ideals of \(R\), and the site \((C^{\infty}(HR), J(HR))\) with Zariski spectrum \(Spec(R)\). The paper is divided into nine sections and twenty one subsections. The first section is the Introduction and is designed to acquire the reader with the basic ideas and results of the paper. Section 2 and 3 treat the connection between morphisms of \(\mathbb S\)-algebras and morphisms of \(\mathfrak{MR}\) as well as functors that identify \(\mathfrak{Mo}\), \(\mathfrak{Ring}\) and \(\mathfrak{MR}\) with full subcategories of the category \(\mathfrak S\) of \(\mathbb S\)-algebras. In section 4 a monoid \(M\) of \(\mathfrak{Mo}\) is studied, primarily for its importance to the case of the specific monoid \(A(1_+)\) of an arbitrary \(\mathbb S\)-algebra \(A\). A small category \(C(M)\) and a corresponding topos of presheaves \(\mathfrak{Root}(M)\) are presented and investigated. Sections 5--7 are the heart of the paper. Section 5 gives ``the basis to develop algebraic geometry over \(\mathbb S\). The main construction, in the affine case, is to associate to a (commutative) \(\mathbb S\)-algebra \(A\) its spectrum \(\mathfrak{Spec}(A)\) understood as the pair of a Grothendieck site and a structure presheaf of \(\mathbb S\)-algebras, whose associated sheaf is a sheaf of \(\mathbb S\)-algebras''. Section 6 presents examples of \(\mathfrak{Spec}(A)\). Section 7 treats the structurel sheaf on \(\mathfrak{Spec}(A)\). Results of the section are applicable to the adele class space of the first author [Sel. Math., New Ser. 5, No. 1, 29--106 (1999; Zbl 0945.11015)]. In section 8 authors ``discuss the relations between the above developments and the theory of \textit{B. Toën} and \textit{M. Vaquié} [J. \(K\)-Theory 3, No. 3, 437--500 (2009; Zbl 1177.14022)]. Authors of the paper under review biside with mentioned results have also make a great contribution in the last years into the geometry over \({\mathbb F}_1\) [\textit{A. Connes} and \textit{C. Consani}, J. Algebr. Geom. 20, No. 3, 525--557 (2011; Zbl 1227.14006)], into absolute algebra [\textit{A. Connes} and \textit{C. Consani}, J. Number Theory 162, 518--551 (2016; Zbl 1409.14046)] and into the homology of a simplicial set [\textit{A. Connes} and \textit{C. Consani}, Theory Appl. Categ. 35, 155--178 (2020; Zbl 1444.16061)]. The paper under review concludes with an Appendix. It gives a short description of the construction authors used to glueing of two categories by a pair of adjoint functors. Here authors also recalls the notion of a scheme over \({\mathbb F}_1\). It`s definition follows authors' paper [Compos. Math. 146, No. 6, 1383--1415 (2010; Zbl 1201.14001)].