Atkinson's formula for Hardy's function (Q841269)

The author investigates \(F(T)\), the primitive of Hardy's function \(Z(t)\), where \[ F(T) := \int_0^T Z(t)\,dt, \quad Z(t) := \zeta({\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}+it)\bigl(\chi({\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}+it)\bigr)^{-1/2}, \quad \zeta(s) = \chi(s)\zeta(1-s), \] so that \(Z(t)\) is real for real \(t\) and \(|Z(t)| = |\zeta(\frac{1}{2}+it)|\). The reviewer [Arch. Math. 83, 41--47 (2004; Zbl 1168.11319)] proved that \(F(T) = O_\varepsilon(T^{1/4+\varepsilon})\) and conjectured that \(F(T) = \Omega_\pm(T^{1/4})\). This conjecture was proved by \textit{M. A. Korolev} [Dokl. Math. 75, No. 2, 295--298 (2007); translation from Dokl. Akad. Nauk, Ross. Akad. Nauk 413, No. 5, 599--602 (2007; Zbl 1162.11045)], who also proved that \(F(T) = O(T^{1/4})\), so that the order of \(F(T)\) is determined, up to the values of the numerical constants that are involved. In the present paper the author obtains again Korolev's results. However, his method is different, and susceptible to generalizations. It is based on the use of the Laplace transform \(L(p) = \int_0^\infty Z(t)e^{-pt}\,dt\). The author in fact used earlier with success the approach via Laplace transforms, but for the function \(Z^2(t)\) [Kyiv: Institute of Mathematics. Proc. Inst. Math. Natl. Acad. Sci. Ukr., Math. Appl. 21(1), 137--154 (1998; Zbl 0948.11032)]. The explicit formula for \(F(T)\) is as follows (Theorem 1 in the text). Let \(\,T\,\) be a large positive number, \(N \asymp T\), \(N' = N'(T) = T/(2\pi) + N/2 - (N^2/4+ NT/(2\pi))^{1/2}\). Then \[ F(T) = S _1(T) + S _2(T) + O\left ((\log T)^{5/4}\right ),\leqno(1) \] where \[ \begin{multlined} S _1(T) = 2\sqrt{2} (T/(2\pi) )^{1/4}\sum_{0\leq n\leq \sqrt{N}}(-1)^{n(n+1)/2} e\left (T,\left (n+{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}} \right )^2\right )\left (n+{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}} \right )^{-1}\times\cr \times \cos \left ({\textstyle\frac{1}{2}} f\left (T, \left (n+{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}\right )^2\right ) - 3\pi /8\right ) \end{multlined} \] and \[ S _2(T) = -4 \sum_{1\leq n\leq \sqrt{N'}} n^{-1/2}\left (\log (T/2\pi n^2) \right )^{-1}\cos \left ({\textstyle\frac{1}{2}} g\left (T, n^2\right )+ \pi /4\right ), \] where \[ \begin{aligned} f(T,n) &= 2T\operatorname{arsinh}\bigl(\sqrt{\pi n/(2T})\bigr) + \sqrt{2\pi nT + \pi^2n^2} - \pi/4\cr& = -\textstyle{1\over4}\pi + 2\sqrt{2\pi nT} + \textstyle{1\over6}\sqrt{2\pi^3}n^{3/2}T^{-1/2} + a_5n^{5/2}T^{-3/2} + a_7n^{7/2}T^{-5/2} + \ldots\,,\cr g(T,n) &= T\log \left(\frac{T}{2\pi n}\right) - T + \pi /4, \\ e(T,n) &= (1+\pi n/(2T))^{-1/4}{\Bigl\{(2T/\pi n)^{1/2} \operatorname{arsinh}(\sqrt{\pi n/(2T})\Bigr\}}^{-1}\cr& = 1 + O(n/T)\qquad(1 \le n < T), \end{aligned} \] and \(\operatorname{arsinh}x = \log(x + \sqrt{1+x^2}\,).\) By careful analysis the author deduces from this formula another expression (Theorem 2 in the text), which enables him to recover that \(F(T) = \Omega_\pm(T^{1/4})\) and \(F(T) = O(T^{1/4})\). Another important aspect of (1) is that it is analogous to the famous formula of \textit{F. V. Atkinson} [Acta Math. 31, 353--376 (1949; Zbl 0036.18603)] for the function \(E(T)\), defined by \[ \int_0^T|\zeta(\textstyle{\frac{1}{2}}+it)|^2\,dt \,=\, T\log{T\over2\pi} + (2\gamma-1)T + E(T), \] where \(\gamma = -\Gamma'(1)\) is Euler's constant.