General Kloosterman sums and the difference between an integer and its inverse modulo \(q\) (Q856820)

The authors use generalised Bernoulli numbers, Gauss sums and mean-value theorems of Dirichlet \(L\)-functions to consider the asymptotic properties of certain number-theoretic functions associated with the sum \[ M(q,k,c)=\sideset\and{'}\to\sum^q _{\substack{ a=1\\ ab\equiv c}} \sideset\and{'}\to\sum^q_{\substack{ b=1\\ \bmod q}} (a-b)^{2k}=\frac{1}{\varphi (q)}\sideset\and{'}\to \sum^q_{a=1}\sideset\and{'}\to\sum^q_{b=1}(a-b)^{2k}+E(q,k,c), \] where \(\varphi (q)\) is the Euler function and \(\sideset\and{'}\to\sum^q_{a=1}\) denotes summation over all \(a\) such that \((a,q)=1\). With the Kloosterman sum \[ K(m,n,r;q)= \sideset\and{'}\to\sum^q_{b=1}\exp\bigl\{2\pi i(mb^r+n\overline b^r)/q\bigr\},\quad b \overline b\equiv 2\bmod q \] and \(K(m,n, 1;q)=K(m,n;q)\), the hybrid mean value \(\sideset\and{'}\to\sum^q_{c=1}E(q,k,c)K(c,1,r;q)\) is considered. For \(q>2\) a square-full number, \(k\) and \(r\) any positive integers with \(d_r=(r, \varphi(q))>1\), it is shown that \[ \sideset\and{'}\to\sum^q_{c=1}E(q,k,c)K(c,1;q)= \varphi(q)q^{2k+1}S(k)+O(q^{2k+1+\varepsilon}) \] and \[ \sideset\and{'}\to\sum^q_{c=1}E(q,k,c)K(c, 1,r;q)=\sideset\and{'}\to\sum^q_{c=1}E(q,k,c)K(c,1;q)+ O(d_rq^{2k+\frac 32+\varepsilon}), \] where \(S(k)\) is a treble sum involving binomial coefficients and \(\varepsilon\) is an arbitrary fixed positive quantity. Also, for any prime \(p\geq 3\) and \(d_r=(r,p-1)>1\), then \[ \sum^{p-1}_{c=1}E(p,k,c)K(c,1;p)=p^{2k+2}S(k)+O(p^{2k+1+ \varepsilon}) \] and \[ \sideset\and{'}\to\sum^{p-1}_{c=1}E(p,k,c)K(c,1,r;p)=\sideset\and{'}\to\sum^{p-1}_{c=1}E(p,k, c)K(c,1;p)+O(d_rp^{2k+\frac 32+\varepsilon}). \]