Left unitarily invariant norms on matrices (Q874876)

A norm \(\mu\) on the space \(M_n(\mathbb{C})\) of all complex \(n \times n\) matrices is called left unitarily invariant if \(\mu(UA)=\mu(A)\) for every \(A \in M_n(\mathbb{C})\) and every unitary \(U\), or equivalently \(\mu(| A| )=\mu(A)\) for every \(A\in M_n(\mathbb{C})\), where \(| A| \) denotes the positive square root of \(A^*A\). In this paper, the authors study several nice characterizations of left unitary invariance and submultiplicativity. From the viewpoint of the theory of operator algebras, they prove Theorem 4.4 of \textit{C.-K. Li} and \textit{N.-K. Tsing} [SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 10, No. 4, 435--445 (1989; Zbl 0683.15006)], namely, if \(\mu\) is a left unitarily invariant norm induced by an inner product \(\langle \cdot,\cdot\rangle\) on \(M_n(\mathbb{C})\), then there is a positive definite matrix \(C \in M_n(\mathbb{C})\) such that \(\mu(A)=\sqrt{Tr(| A| ^2C)} \quad (A \in M_n(\mathbb{C}))\).