A matrix characterization for the \(D_\nu\)-semiclassical and \(D_\nu\)-coherent orthogonal polynomials (Q890567)

This paper considers the difference operator \(D_\nu\) (which merges the difference and \(q\)-derivative operators) and the \(D_\nu\)-semiclassical orthogonal polynomials of class \(s\). These orthogonal polynomials are orthogonal with respect to the linear functional \(\mathcal U\) which fulfills the difference equation \[ D_\nu[\phi(x){\mathcal U}]=\psi(x){\mathcal U}, \quad \deg\phi\geq 0,\quad \deg\psi\geq 1. \] According to the introduction, a new structure relation for the sequence of \(D_\nu\)-semiclassical orthogonal polynomials is obtained, namely \[ \sum\limits_{j=0}^s b_{n,n-j} P_{n-j}(x)= \sum\limits_{j=0}^{s+2}c_{n,n-j}P^{[1,\nu^*]}_{n-j} (x), \quad P^{[1,\nu^*]}_{m} (x):=\alpha_m D_{\nu^*}[P_{m+1}(x)], \] where \(\alpha_m\) is the leading coefficient of \(D_{\nu^*}[x^{m+1}]\), and some extra conditions need to be considered. Note that if \(\nu=\omega,q\) then \(\nu^*=-\omega,q^{-1}\), for difference and \(q\)-derivative operators respectively. The authors also obtain the following matrix characterization for this polynomial family in terms of the Jacobi matrix: The linear functional \(\mathcal U\) is semiclassical of class \(s\) if and only if there exists a semi-infinite (\(0,s\))-banded monic matrix \(B\) such that \(B A_{j_\nu^*}A^{-1}_{\nu^*,j_\nu^*}\) is a (\(0,s+2\))-banded monic matrix. The last part of the paper is about \(D_\nu\)-coherent pairs. A pair of linear functionals (\(\mathcal{U, V}\)) is said to be a (\(M,N\))-\(D_\nu\)-coherent pair of order (\(m,k\)) if their corresponding (monic) orthogonal polynomial sequences, \(\{P_n\}\) and \(\{Q_n\}\), satisfy \[ \sum\limits_{i=0}^M a_{i,n}D_\nu^m P_{n+m-i}(x)= \sum\limits_{i=0}^N b_{i,n} D_\nu^k Q_{n+k-i}(x),\quad n\geq 0. \] Taking this into account, the authors prove the following result on (\(M,0\))-\(D_\nu\)-coherent pairs: \(\{P_n\}\) and \(\{Q_n\}\) constitute an (\(M,0\))-\(D_\nu\)-coherent pair of order \(m\) if and only if \(B_{j_\nu} \left(A^{[m]}_{\nu,j_\nu}\right)^{-1}\) is a (\(0,M\))-banded monic matrix.