A refinement of sutured Floer homology (Q907018)

The authors say that Heegaard Floer homology for closed 3d-dimensional manifolds [\textit{P. Ozsváth} and \textit{Z. Szabó}, Ann. Math. (2) 159, No. 3, 1027--1158 (2004; Zbl 1073.57009); ibid. 159, No. 3, 1159--1245 (2004; Zbl 1081.57013)] resulted in very powerful tools for the study of various structures of low-dimensional topology, including knots and links. The Ozsváth-Szabó complexes associated with a closed 3-manifold come in different flavors. They are called \textit{hat, minus, plus} and \textit{infinity} modules. The other versions may be reconstructed from the \textit{minus chain complex}. A direction to extend Heegaard Floer homology to 3-manifolds with boundary, is to assume that the boundary is sutured [\textit{D. Gabai}, J. Differ. Geom. 18, 445--503 (1983; Zbl 0533.57013); ibid. 26, 461--478 (1987; Zbl 0627.57012); ibid. 26, 479--536 (1987; Zbl 0639.57008)]. Assuming that the sutured manifold \((X,\tau)\) is balanced, the \(hat\) version of the Ozsyáth-Sabó complex was generalized to sutured manifolds by \textit{A. Juhász} [Algebr. Geom. Topol. 6, 1429--1457 (2006; Zbl 1129.57039)]. In this paper, assuming \((X,\tau)\) to be weakly balanced (weaker condition than balanced), a \textit{minus theory} associated with a sutured manifold is presented. A sutured manifold (without toroidal structure) \((X,\tau)\) is a compact oriented 3-manifold with boundary \(\partial X\) together with a set of disjoint closed curves \(\tau=(\tau_1,\dots,\tau_k)\) on \(\partial X\) (Definition 2.1. Satured manifolds, relative \(\mathrm{Spin}^c\) structures and Heegaard diagram are reviewed in \S2). Let \(\mathfrak{R}(\tau)=\mathfrak{R}^+(\tau)\cup\mathfrak{R}^-(\tau)\), where \(\mathfrak{R}^\pm(\tau)\) are the positive and negative part of the boundary. Then \((X,\tau)\) is called weakly balanced if the Euler characteristics satisfies \(\chi(\mathfrak{R}^+(\tau))=\chi(\mathfrak{R}^-(\tau))\). To construct the Ozsváth-Sabó complex, first associate an algebra \(\mathbb A\), a quotient of the polynomial algebra \(\mathbb Z[\mathbf{u}_1,\dots,\mathbf{u}_\kappa]\) by an ideal reflecting the topology of \(\mathfrak{R}^\pm\), to the boundary of \(X\). Detailed definition and properties of \(\mathbb A\) are given in \S3. Let \(G(\mathbb A)\) be a set of monomials which form a generator of \(\mathbb A\) as a module over \(\mathbb Z\). Then there is a natural map \[ \chi:G(\mathbb A)\to \mathbb H=\mathbb H_\tau=\mathrm H^2(X,\partial X,\mathbb Z). \] Next take an admissible Heegaard diagram \((\Sigma,\alpha,\beta,\mathbf{z})\) for \((X,\tau)\) (cf. Definition 4.1), where \(\Sigma\) is a closed Riemann surface, \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are \(\ell\)-tuples of disjoint simple closed curves, and \(\mathbf{z}\) is a set of \(\kappa\) marked points on \(\Sigma\). The details on admissible Heegaard diagram are explained in \S4. Let \(\Sigma^\circ\) be the complement of a neighborhood of \(\mathbf{z}\). Then \(X\) is obtained from \(\Sigma^\circ\times [-1,1]\) by attaching 2-handles to \(\alpha\times\{-1\}\) and \(\beta\times\{1\}\), while \(\tau\) is obtained as \((\partial\Sigma^\circ)\times\{0\}\). The Ozsváth-Sabó chain complex \(\mathrm{CF}(X,\tau,\mathbf{s})\) is generated as a free \(\mathbb A\)-module by those intersection points of the tori \(\mathbb T_\alpha\), \(\mathbb T_\beta\subset\mathrm{Sym}^\ell(\Sigma)\) associated with \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) which correspond to the \(\mathrm{Spin}^c\) class \(\mathbf{s}\in\mathrm{Spin}^c(X)\). The differential \(\partial\) of this complex is defined by counting holomorphic disks \(\phi\) of Maslov index 1 connecting the generators \(\mathbf{x}\) and \(\mathbf{y}\) of the complex (the details are explained in \S5). Let \(\bar{X}\) be the three-manifold obtained by filling the sutures of \((X,\tau)\) by attaching 2-handles to the sutures in \(\tau\). Then the main result of this paper is the following. {Theorem 1.1}. Suppose that \((X,\tau)\) is a weakly balanced sutured manifold, \(\mathbf{s}\in\mathrm{Spin}^c(\bar{X})\) is a \(\mathrm{Spin}^c\) structure on \(\bar{X}=\bar{X}^\tau\), and \((\Sigma,\alpha,\beta,\mathbf{z})\) is an \(\mathbf{s}\)-admissible Heegaard diagram for \((X,\tau)\). Then \(\mathrm{CF}(X,\tau,\mathbf{s})\) is a filtered \((\mathbb A,\mathbb H_\tau)\) chain complex. The filtered \((\mathbb A,\mathbb H_\tau)\) chain homotopy type of the filtered \((\mathbb A,\mathbb H_\tau)\) chain complex \(\mathrm{CF}(X,\tau,\mathbf{s})\) is an invariant of the weakly balanced sutured manifold \((X,\tau)\) and the \(\mathrm{Spin}^c\) class \(\mathbf{s}\in\mathrm{Spin}^c(X)\). In particular, for any \(\underline{\mathbf{s}}\in\mathbf{s}\subset\mathrm{Spin}^c(X,\tau)\) the chain homotopy type of the summand \[ \mathrm{CF}(X,\tau,\underline{\mathbf{s}})\subset\mathrm{CF}(X,\tau,\mathbf{s})=\oplus_{\underline{\mathbf{s}}\in\mathbf{s}}\mathrm{CF}(X,\tau,\underline{\mathbf{s}}) \] is also an invariant of \((X,\tau,\underline{\mathbf{s}})\). Invariance of chain homotopy type is proved in \S6. If \(\mathbb B\) is an \(\mathbb A\)-module, then the chain homotopy type of \(\mathrm{CF}(X,\tau,\mathbf{s};\mathbb B)= \mathrm{CF}(X,\tau,\mathbf{s})\otimes_\mathbb A\mathbb B\) is an invariant of \((X,\tau)\). Hence, the homology group \(\mathrm{HF}(X,\tau,\underline{\mathbf{s}};\mathbb B)=H_\ast(\mathrm{CF}(X,\tau,\underline{\mathbf{s}};\mathbb B),\partial)\) is defined and an invariant of \((X,\tau)\). Especially, if \((X,\tau)\) is balanced, the sutured Floer homology of Juhász is recovered as \[ \mathrm{SFH}(X,\tau,\underline{\mathbf{s}})=\mathrm{HF}(X,\tau,\underline{\mathbf{s}};\mathbb Z). \] It is also shown that an irreducible balanced sutured manifold \((X,\tau)\) is \(taut\) if and only if the filtered \((\mathbb B_\tau,\mathbb H_\tau)\) chain homology type of the complex \(\mathrm{CF}(X,\tau,\mathbf{s};\mathbb B)\) is not trivial for some \(\mathrm{Spin}^c\) structure \(\mathbf{s}\in\mathrm{Spin}^c(\bar{X})\) (Proposition 1.2, \S5, Proposition 5.14). This paper also presents a generalization of the stabilization formula in [\textit{P. Ozsváth} and \textit{Z. Szabó}, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 8, No. 2, 615--692 (2008; Zbl 1144.57011)] (\S7. Proposition 7.5), a generalization of the surgery triangle for balanced sutured manifolds (\S8), and a connected sum formula for the sutured Floer complex (Theorem 1.5. \S9. Proposition 9.3, Theorem 9.5). This paper concludes by giving some examples (\S9). The last example (Example 9.7) takes a connected path \(G\) with four vertices inside \(S^3\). Vertices are colored with \(\pm\) and the numbers of \(+\) is equal to the numbers of \(-\). Then the algebra associated to the boundary of \((S^3(G), \tau(G))\) is \[ \mathbb A=\frac{\mathbb Z[\mathbf{u}_1,\mathbf{u}_2,\mathbf{u}_3]}{\langle\mathbf{u}_1\mathbf{u}_2+\mathbf{u}_3=\mathbf{u}_1+\mathbf{u}_2\mathbf{u}_3\rangle}. \] A Heegaard diagram \(H=(S^2,\alpha,\beta,\mathbf{z}=\{z_1,z_2,z_3\})\) is constructed taking \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) as simple closed curves bounding disks \(A\) and \(B\) on \(S^2\) and intersecting each other in two points \(\{x,y\}\). Assume \(z_2\in A\cap B\), \(z_1\in A- B\), \(z_3\in B-A\), we have \[ \mathrm{CF}(S^2,\alpha,\beta,\mathbf{z})=\mathbb A\langle x,y\rangle, \;\partial x=(\mathbf{u}_1-\mathbf{u}_3)y, \;\partial y=(\mathbf{u}_2 -1)x. \] Thus the chain homotopy type of \(\mathrm{CF}(S^3(G), \tau(G),\mathbf{s}_0)\) is non-trivial, while \(\mathrm{SFH}(S^3(G),\tau(G),\mathbf{s}_0)=0\).