Darboux's formula with integral remainder of functions with two independent variables (Q928092)

In this paper the authors generalize the following well-known G. Darboux's formula of functions with single variable. Theorem A. Suppose that \(f(x)\) is defined on an interval \(I\subset {\mathbb R}\) and \(f^{(n)}(x)\) is absolutely continuous on \(I\). Let \(P_{n}(t)\) be a polynomial of degree \(n\), the coefficient of the term \(t^{n}\) equal \(a_{n}\) and \(a\in I\). Then \[ f(x)= f(a)+\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{(-1)^{k+1}}{n!a_{n}}\left[ P_{n}^{(n-k)}(x)f^{(k)}(x)-P_{n}^{(n-k)}(a)f^{(k)}(a) \right]\tag{1} \] \[ + \frac{(-1)^{n}}{n!a_{n}}\displaystyle\int_{a}^{x}P_{n}(t)f^{(n+1)}(t)\,dt. \] The Darboux's formula ({1}) is generalized to that of functions of two independent variables. Theorem 1. Suppose that \(D\subset {\mathbb R}^{2}\) is a convex region and \((a,b)\in D\), define \(f:D\to {\mathbb R}\) such that \( f^{(i,j)}(x,y)\) is continuous on \(D\) for \(0\leq i\leq n\) and \( 0\leq j\leq m\). Let \(P_{n}(t)\) be a polynomial of degree \(n\) with coefficient \(a_{n}\) of the term \(t^{n}\) and \(Q_{m}(s)\) a polynomial of degree \(m\) with coefficient \(b_{m}\) of the term \(s^{m}\). Then \[ f(x,y)=f(a,b)+C(f,P_{n},Q_{m})+D(f,P_{n},Q_{m})+S(f,P_{n},Q_{m})+ T(f,P_{n},Q_{m}),\tag{2} \] where \[ \begin{aligned} C(f,P_{n},Q_{m})= \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{(-1)^{k+1}}{n\,a_{n}} \left[ P_{n}^{(n-k)}(x)f^{(k,0)}(x,b)- P_{n}^{(n-k)}(a)f^{(k,0)}(a,b) \right]\\ + \sum_{i=1}^{m} \frac{(-1)^{i+1}}{m\,b_{m}}\left[ Q_{m}^{(m-i)}(y)f^{(0,i)}(a,y)-Q_{m}^{(m-i)}(b)f^{(0,i)}(a,b) \right],\\ D(f,P_{n},Q_{m})= {\sum_{k=1}^{n}\sum_{i=1}^{m}\frac{(-1)^{k + i}}{m\,n\,a_{n}b_{m}}}P_{n}^{(n - k)} (x) \left[ Q_{m}^{(m - i)}(y)f^{(k,i)}(x,y) - Q_{m}^{(m - i)}(b)f^{(k ,i)} (x,b) \!\right]\\ - {\sum_{k=1}^{n}\sum_{i=1}^{m}\frac{(-1)^{k + i}}{m\,n\,a_{n}b_{m}}}P_{n}^{(n - k)}\!(a) \left[\! Q_{m}^{(m - i)}(y)f^{(k,i)}(a,y) - Q_{m}^{(m - i)}(b)f^{(k ,i)}\!(a,b) \right],\\ S(f,P_{n},Q_{m})= {\frac{(-1)^{n}}{n\,a_{n}}\int_{a}^{x}P_{n}(t)f^{(n+1,0)}(t,b)\,dt +\frac{(-1)^{m}}{m\,b_{m}}\int_{b}^{y}Q_{m}(s)f^{(0,m+1)}(a,s)\,ds}\\ +\sum_{k =1}^{n} {\frac{(-1)^{m + k + 1}}{m\,n\,a_{n}b_{m}}\int_{b}^{y}Q_{m}(s)}\left[ P_{n}^{(n - k)}(x)f^{(k ,m + 1)}(x ,s) - P_{n}^{(n - k)}(a)f^{(k ,m + 1)}(a,s) \right]\, dt \\ +\sum_{i = 1}^{m} {\frac{(\!-1)^{n + i + 1}}{m\,n\,a_{n}b_{m}} \int_{a}^{x}P_{n}(t)}\left[ Q_{m}^{(m - i)}\!(y)f^{(n + 1,i)}(t,y) - Q_{m}^{(m\!-\!i)}(b)f^{(n + 1,i)}(t,b)\right]\,dt, \\ T(f,P_{n},Q_{m})= {\frac{(-1)^{m+n}}{m\,n\,a_{n}b_{m}}\int_{a}^{x}\int_{b}^{y}}P_{n}(t)Q_{m}(s)f^{(n+1,m+1)}(t,s)\,dt\,ds.\end{aligned} \] The authors discuss some important special cases of G. Darboux's formula (2) for functions with two independent variables and give some estimates of the integral remainders. Theorem 1 generalizes A. Sard's formula for functions with two independent variables. As an application, the authors calculate G. Darboux formula of the function \(\ln(x+y).\)