Convergence of the Cesàro-like means on \(p\)-adic Hilbert spaces (Q929626)

Nonexpansive mappings on Hilbert spaces have been extensively studied in classical functional analysis. The development of this theory has relied on the geometric structure of the space. In this paper, the author shows that in non-Archimedean functional analysis, the geometric structure of the \(p\)-adic Hilbert space does not play a so relevant role as it did in the classical case. The \(p\)-adic Hilbert spaces used here are the ones considered by Albeverio, Cianci and Khrennikov in 1997 and by Diarra in 1998. They are defined in the following way. Let \(K\) be a complete non-Archimedean and non-trivially valued field, let \(w = (w_i)_{i \geq 0}\) be a sequence in \(K \setminus \{ 0 \}\). Consider \[ E_w = \{ x=(x_i)_{i \geq 0} \in K^{\mathbb N \cup \{ 0 \}}: \lim_i \left| x_i \right| \, \left| w_i \right|^{1/2} = 0 \}. \] Then \(E_w\) is a non-Archimedean Banach space with the norm \(\| x \| = \max_{i \geq 0} \left| x_i \right| \, \left| w_i \right|^{1/2}\), and the bilinear form \(\langle \, , \, \rangle : E_w \times E_w \rightarrow K\) defined by \[ \langle x,y\rangle = \sum _{i \geq 0} x_i y_i w_i \quad (x= (x_i)_{i \geq 0} \in E_w, \, y = (y_i)_{i \geq 0} \in E_w) \] is symmetric, non-degenerate, and satisfies the Cauchy--Schwarz inequality. Then \((E_w, \langle\,,\,\rangle , \|\cdot\|)\) is called a \(p\)-adic Hilbert space. In the present paper, the author studies contractive mappings (also called contractions), i.e., mappings \(T: E_w \rightarrow E_w\) for which there exists a \(\lambda \in (0,1)\) such that \(\| T(x) - T(y) \| \leq \lambda \| x - y \|\) for all \(x,y \in E_w\). For these \(T\), she defines the adequate non-Archimedean counterpart of the classical Cesàro means, which she refers to as the Cesàro like means. They are defined, for each \(n \in \mathbb N\), by \[ F_n(x) = \frac{1}{P_n} \sum_{k=1}^{n} \alpha_k \, T^k(x) \quad (x \in E_w), \] where \(P_n = \alpha_1 + \ldots + \alpha_n\), and \((\alpha_k)_k\) is a sequence in \(K \setminus \{ 0 \}\) such that \(\left| P_n \right| = \left| \alpha_n \right|\) for all \(n\) and \(\lim_n \frac{\left| \alpha_n \right|}{\left| \alpha_{n+1} \right|} = 0\). The main results of the paper refer to strong and weak convergence of the Cesàro like means \((F_n(x))_n\). They can be summarized as follows. Let \(x \in E_w\), let \(T :E_w \rightarrow E_w\) be a contractive mapping. Then we have the following. {\parindent7mm \begin{itemize}\item[(i)] (Theorem 4.4) If the set of fixed points of \(T\), \(F_T\), is nonempty, then \((F_n(x))_n\) is norm convergent to a \(y \in F_T\). \item[(ii)] (Theorem 5.3) Assume that \(T\) is linear and that its adjoint exists. If \((T^n(x))_n\) converges weakly to a \(y \in E_w\), then \((F_n(x))_n\) also converges weakly to \(y\) and \(y \in F_T\) (that a sequence \((z_n)_n\) in \(E_w\) converges weakly to \(z \in E_w\) means that \(\lim_n \langle z_n,u\rangle = \langle z,u\rangle\) for all \(u \in E_w\)). \end{itemize}} The result of (i) is applied by the author to prove that linear contractions \(E_w \rightarrow E_w\) are stable under perturbations by ``small'' bounded operators on \(E_w\). Also, the last section of the paper contains several examples of contractions that illustrate the work developed in the paper.