A lower bound for fundamental solutions of the heat convection equations (Q934906)

This paper studies the heat convection equation \(\partial_t \omega -\Delta \omega +(u,\nabla ) \omega =0\), \(t>0\), \(z\in \mathbb R^n\). Here, \(\omega (t,x)\) is an unknown scalar valued function and \(u(t,x)= u^1(t,x),\dots ,u^n(t,x))\) is a given continuous function satisfying \(\nabla \cdot u=0\) in the sense of distribution, \(\sup \{ \sqrt{t} | u(t,x)| ;x\in \mathbb R^n, t>0\} \leq M\). Denote \(H_s=\{ [t,\tau ,x,y]; x,y \in \mathbb R^n, t>\tau \geq s\} \). It is shown that there exists a unique fundamental solution \(\Gamma_u \) of \(\partial_t \omega -\Delta \omega +(u,\nabla ) \omega =0\) on \(H_0\). \textit{E. A. Carlen} and \textit{M. Loss} [Duke Math. J. 81, No.~1, 135--157 (1995; Zbl 0859.35011)] and \textit{S. Matsui} and \textit{S. Tokuno} [Hokkaido Math. J. 26, No.~3, 529--539 (1997; Zbl 0885.35087)] proved that \(\Gamma_u (t,x,\tau ,y)\leq [C_1 /(t-\tau )^{n/2}] \exp [-C_2 | x-y| ^2 /(t-\tau )] \), where \(C_1\), \(C_2\) are positive constants. The main result of the paper is as follows: There exist positive constants \(C_3\), \(C_4\) depending only on \(n\) and \(M\) such that \(\Gamma_u (t,x,\tau ,y) \geq [C_3 /(t-\tau )^{n/2}]\exp [-C_4 | x-y| ^2 /(t-\tau )] \)