First integrals and normal forms for germs of analytic vector fields (Q942178)

This paper deals with the existence of analytic (or formal) first integrals in a neighborhood of a constant solution or a singularity of an analytic vector field taking into account the resonances of the eigenvalues associated to the linear part of the vector field near the considered solution. In the first main result of the paper a \textit{quasi-periodic differential system} of the following form is considered: \[ \dot{\theta} = \omega + \Omega(\theta,x), \quad \dot{x} = A x + f(\theta,x), \tag{1} \] where \(\theta\) is a \(2\pi\)-periodic variable in \(\mathbb{R}^m\), \(x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}\), \(\omega \in \mathbb{R}^m\) are the frequencies, \(\Omega = \mathcal{O}\left(\|x\|\right)\) and \(f = \mathcal{O}\left(\|x\|^2\right)\) are analytic functions in their variables and \(2\pi\)-periodic in \(\theta\). The results hold true without any modification if one considers \((\theta,x) \in \mathbb{C}^m \times \mathbb{C}^n\). The constant solution for which the existence of local first integrals is investigated is \(x=0\). As defined in the paper, a non-constant function \(H(\theta,x)\) is an \textit{analytic first integral} of (1) if it is analytic in its variables, \(2\pi\)-periodic in \(\theta\), and the derivative of \(H(\theta,x)\) along the flow of (1) vanishes. In order to state the first main result of the paper, we need to establish some notation: \(\mathbb{Z}\) stands for the set of integer numbers, \(\mathbb{N}\) is the set of non-negative integer numbers, \(i=\sqrt{-1}\) and \(\left< \cdot, \cdot \right>\) is the usual inner product of two vectors. Theorem. For the differential system (1), let \(\lambda \in \mathbb{C}^n\) be the \(n\)-tuple of eigenvalues of the matrix \(A\) and let \(\gamma\) denote the rank of the set \(\mathcal{R} := \left\{ (k,l) \in \mathbb{Z}^m \times \mathbb{N}^n : i \left<k,\omega\right> + \left<l, \lambda\right> = 0 \right\}\). Then the number of functionally independent analytic first integrals in a neighborhood of the constant solution \(x=0\) is less than or equal to \(\gamma\). An example that shows that the number \(\gamma\) is optimal is given by completely integrable non-resonant Hamiltonian vector fields. The former result gives a generalization of a result of \textit{H. Poincaré} [Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo 5, 161--191 (1891; JFM 23.0319.01)] in which only autonomous differential systems are considered and also a generalization of a result of \textit{W. Li, J. Llibre} and \textit{X. Zhang} [Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 54, No.~2, 235--255 (2003; Zbl 1043.37010)] in which only periodic systems are taken into account. The following two results in the paper investigate the close relation among integrability, the convergence of the normalizing transformation near a singularity and the resonance conditions. To end with, a classical result about planar Hamiltonian systems is proved with a very original use of the Euler--Lagrange equation of calculus of variations. It is shown that a planar analytic Hamiltonian system has an isochronous center if, and only if, it can be analytically linearized.