Construction of elliptic curves with large Iwasawa \(\lambda\)-invariants and large Tate-Shafarevich groups (Q946864)

Let \(E\) be an elliptic curve defined over \(\mathbb{Q}\). Assume that \(E\) has goal ordinary reduction at a prime \(p\). Let \(\lambda_{E,p}\) and \(\mu_{E,p}\) be the associated cyclotomic Iwasawa invariants associated with the \(p^\infty\)-Selmer groups of \(E\). Greenberg proved that \(\lambda_{E,p}+ \mu_{E,p}\) can be arbitrary large as \(E\) varies for any \(p\). On the other hand, it is believed that \(\mu_{E,p}\) takes only small values; in fact, it is conjectured that \(\mu_{E,p}= 0\) for any \(E\) if \(p> 37\). The author constructs elliptic curves defined over \(\mathbb{Q}\) with arbitrarily large \(\lambda_{E,p}\) for primes satisfying \(p\leq 7\) or \(p=13\) (Theorem 3.4). This result is used to prove that the \(p\)-rank of the Tate-Shafarevich group can be arbitrarily large for such primes \(p\) (Theorem 5.1).