Local limit theorems for sequences of simple random walks on graphs (Q956607)

The following situation is considered. First, a metric space \((E,d)\), a subspace \(F\subset E\), such that its intersection with every closure of a \(B_{E}(x,r)\) (where \(B_{E}(x,r)\) are the open spheres) is compact, an element \(\varrho\in F\), a Radon measure \(\nu\) concentrated on \(F\) and a family \(q_{t}\), \(t>0\) of probability densities on \(F\), continuous in \((t,\cdot )\). Then, for every connected locally finite weighted graph \(G=(V(G),E(G),\mu^{G})\) (i.e. \(\mu^{G}: V(G)^{2}\rightarrow (0,\infty )\), \(\mu_{xy}^{G}= 0\) if and only if \(\{x,y\}\notin E(G)\)), \(d_{G}\) denotes the number of edges in \(E(G)\) on the shortest path from \(x\) to \(y\). Let \(\mu_{x}^{G}=\sum_{y}\mu_{xy}^{G}\) and \(\nu^{G}(A)=\sum_{x\in A}\mu_{x}^{G}\), a Markov chain \((X_{m}^{G})_{m\geq 0}\), \(P_{x}^{G}\) on \(G\) with transition probabilities \(P^{G}(x,y)=\mu_{xy}^{G}/\mu_{x}^{G}\); \(\nu^{G}\) is an invariant measure for it. Let \(p_{m}^{G}(x,y)\) be the corresponding \(m\)-step transition probability and \(q_{m}^{G}(x,y)=(p_{m}^{G}(x,y)+p_{m+1}^{G}(x,y))/2\). Then an imbedding (not isometric) of a sequence \(G^{n}\), \(\varrho\in V(G^{n})\), of such graphs into \(E\) is considered. Some ``assumptions'' are stated, signifying that the \(G^{n}\) and the corresponding elements approximate in a certain sense \(F\) and the elements denoted with the same letter on \(F\). The first, omitting \(G\) in the indexes \(G^{n}\), has four parts. One is \(\lim_{n}P_{\varrho }^{n}(X_{[\gamma (n)t]}^{n}\in B_{E}(x,r))=\int_{_{B_{F}(x,r)}}q_{t}d\nu\) uniformly on compacts in \(t\in (0,\infty )\), another is \(\lim_{n}\beta (n)^{-1}\nu^{n}(B_{E}(x,r))=\nu (B_{E}(x,r))\), both for \(\beta (n)\), \(\gamma (n)\rightarrow\infty\), another is \(\lim_{n}\sup_{x\in B_{F}(\varrho,r)}d(x,V(G^{n}))=0\) and \(\alpha^{~}(n)+c_{2}\alpha (n)d(x,y)\geq d_{n}(x,y)\geq c_{1}\alpha (n)d(x,y)\) for \(\alpha (n)\rightarrow\infty\), \(\alpha^{~}(n)/\alpha (n) \rightarrow 0\). Assumption 2 is \(\lim_{\delta\rightarrow 0}\limsup_{n}\) of \(\sup \beta (n)|q_{[\gamma (n)t]}^{n}(x)-q_{[\gamma (n)t]}^{n}(y)|\), over \(t\) in every compact \(I\subset (0,\infty )\), \(x,y\in B_{n}(\varrho ,\alpha (n)r)\) and \(d_{n}(x,y)\leq\alpha (n)\delta\), tends to \(0\). Under these two assumptions, the authors prove ``the local limit theorem'': \(\lim_{n}\sup_{x\in B_{F}(\varrho ,r),t\in I} |\beta (n)q_{[\gamma (n)t]}^{n}(g_{n}(x))-q_{t}(x)|=0\); \(g_{n}(x)\in V(G^{n})\) minimizing \(d(x,V(G^{n}))\). When another assumption also holds, requiring the existence of ``midpoints'' in \(F\) and conditions on the \(q\), \(q^{n}\), the author prove a stronger result, with \(\sup_{x\in F,t\geq T}\) instead of \(\sup_{\cdot\cdot }\). Then assumptions 4 and 5 are stated and shown that each, together with a part of assumption 1, implies assumption 2. From assumption 4: for some \(k\geq 2\), for every \(G=G^{n}\), \(x\in V(G)\) there exists \(s_{G}(x)\) such that, for \(R\geq s_{G}(x)\), a ``parabolic Harnack inequality'' holds. It means that a constant \(C\) exists such that, if \(u(n,z)\geq 0\) is defined for every integer \(n\in [0,R^{k}]\) and \(z\in B_{G}(x,R)\), if \(u(n+1,z)-u(n,z)=\sum_{y\in V(G)}P_{G}(z,y)(u(n,y)-u(n,z))\) (denoted \({\mathcal L}_{G}(u(n,\cdot ))(z)\)) and if \(v(n,z)= u(n+1,z)+u(n,z)\) then \(\sup v\) on \([T/4,T/2]\times B_{G}(x,R/2)\) is \(\leq cinfv\) on \([3T/4,T]\times B_{G}(x,R/2)\). Assumption 5 contains \(R_{G}(x,y)\leq cd_{G}(x,y)^{k}\) with some \(k\in (0,\infty )\), where \(R_{G}(x,y)= \sup_{f:V(G)\rightarrow {\mathbb R},0<{\mathcal E}_{G}(f)<\infty } (|f(x)-f(y)|^{2}{\mathcal E}_{G}(f)^{-1})\), \({\mathcal E}_{G}(f)= -\sum_{x\in V(G)}{\mathcal L}_{G}(f)(x)f(x)\nu^{G}(x)\). Generalizations to the case of \(\nu\)-symmetric Markov transition densities \(p_{t}(x,y)\) (\(q_{t}(y)\) appearing as \(p_{t}(\varrho ,y)\)) and in the case when the \((\mu (x,y))_{_{x,y\in\cup_{n}E(G^n)}}\) is random (under some assumptions on its distribution) are proved. Following the last paragraph (18 p.) requires information from several of the quoted papers; its contents increases significantly the interest of the previous results. It contains examples: lattice graphs, graph trees converging to the continuum random tree, local homogenization for nested fractals, local homogenization for tree-like Vicsek graphs, Sierpiński carpet graph.