Arithmetic Laplacians (Q957981)

Let \(\mathcal P=\{p_1, \dots, p_d\}\) be a finite set of integer primes, \(\mathbb Z_{(\mathcal P)}\) the ring of rationals with denominators prime to the \(p_i\) and \(X\) an affine \(\mathbb Z_{(\mathcal P)}\) scheme. The authors define arithmetic jet spaces \(\mathcal J^r_{\mathcal P}(X)\) for orders \(r=(r_1, \dots r_d)\), and the ring of global functions, \(A\), on it. The jet spaces are defined relative to some operators \(\delta_i\), analogous to derivations. Let \(\hat{A}_i\) denote the \(p_i\)-adic completion of \(A\). Let \(P \in X\) be a \(\mathbb Z_{(\mathcal P)}\) point. The authors describe what it means for a tuple \((f_i) \in \Pi \hat{A}_i\) to be analytically continued along \(P\); such families are called \(\delta_{\mathcal P}\) functions, and are viewed as arithmetic (non--linear) PDE's on \(X\). For the case \(X=G\), a group scheme, with \(P\) its identity, there are additive \(\delta_{\mathcal P}\) functions, or \(\delta_{\mathcal P}\) characters. The authors determine all of these for \(G=\mathbb G_a\) and \(G= \mathbb G_m\), as well as when \(G\) is an elliptic curve. This latter requires extending the theory to non--affine \(X\). The operators \(\delta_i\) are described as follows: for any integer prime \(p\), let \(C_p(X,Y)=p^{-1}(X^p+Y^p-(X+Y)^p)\). If \(R\) is a ring and \(S\) an \(R\) algebra then a map \(\delta: R \to S\) is a \(p\) derivation if \(\delta(a+b)=\delta a+ \delta b + C_p(a,b)\) and \(\delta(ab)=a^p\delta b+b^p\delta a+ p\delta a \delta b\). For \(R=S=\mathbb Z\), the unique \(p\) derivation is \(\delta_p(a)=p^{-1}(a-a^p)\). If \(p\) and \(q\) are distinct integer primes let \(C_{p,q}=p^{-1}C_q(X^p,pY)-q^{-1}C_p(X^q,qZ)-q^{-1}\delta_pqZ^p+p^{-1}\delta_qpY^q\) A \(\delta_{\mathcal P}\) ring \(R\) has \(p_i\) derivations \(\delta_i\) such that for each pair \(p=p_i\) and \(q=q_j\), \(\delta_p\delta_qa-\delta_q\delta_pa=C_{p,q}(a,\delta_pa,\delta_qa)\). Prolongation systems of \(\delta_{\mathcal P}\) rings are inductive systems indexed by \(d\) tuples of non--negative integers where the \(p_i\) derivations go to higher terms in the sequence, subject to compatibility conditions. There are universal such for a given ring \(R\), where the \(r=(r_1, \dots , r_n)\) term is denoted \(R^r\). When \(X=\mathrm{Spec}(R)\), the \(r\) jet space is \(\mathrm{Spec}(R^r)\).