Turbulent flow and heat transfer in a square-sectioned U-bend (Q979556)

Summary: Turbulent flow and heat transfer in a square-sectioned U-bend are investigated. Turbulence models with linear and non-linear expressions for the Reynolds stresses are used. The near wall turbulence is treated by the damping functions approach and a two-layer model with Wolfshtein's sub-layer treatment. The inlet conditions have a significant effect on the predictions. The results from the non-linear low-Reynolds number k-\(\epsilon \) models including Suga's cubic low-Re model were closest to experimental data. These models predicted the stress-induced secondary motion in the straight inlet duct well. This secondary motion had a small impact on the flow in the bend.