Analytic mappings between LB-spaces and applications in infinite-dimensional Lie theory (Q993364)

In infinite-dimensional Lie theory, one frequently encounters nonlinear mappings \(f: E\to F\) between Hausdorff locally convex spaces (or open subsets thereof) such that \(E=\bigcup_n E_n\) is the locally convex direct limit of an ascending sequence \(E_1\subseteq E_2\subseteq \cdots\) of locally convex spaces and each inclusion map \(i_n: E_n\to E_{n+1}\) is continuous and linear. Frequently, the restrictions \(f|_{E_n}: E_n\to F\) to the steps of the direct sequence are known to be continuous, differentiable (of some class) or analytic, and one would like to conclude that \(f\) has analogous properties. This, however, is not possible in general without additional hypotheses. For example, consider the map \[ f : C^\infty_c({\mathbb R},{\mathbb C}) \times C^\infty_c({\mathbb R},{\mathbb C})\to C^\infty_c({\mathbb R}\times {\mathbb R},{\mathbb C}),\quad f(\gamma,\eta):=\gamma\otimes \eta \] (with \((\gamma\otimes \eta)(x,y):=\gamma(x)\eta(y)\)) taking a pair of complex-valued test functions on the line to a test function on the plane. It is known that \(f\) is not continuous, although its restriction to a map \[ C^\infty_{[{-n},n]}({\mathbb R},{\mathbb C})\times C^\infty_{[{-n},n]}({\mathbb R},{\mathbb C})\to C^\infty_c({\mathbb R}\times {\mathbb R},{\mathbb C}) \] on spaces of functions supported in \([{-n},n]\) is continuous bilinear (and hence complex analytic), for each \(n\in {\mathbb N}\) (cf.\ [\textit{T. Hirai, H. Shimomura, N. Tatsuuma} and \textit{E. Hirai}, J. Math.\ Kyoto Univ. 41, No. 3, 475--505 (2001; Zbl 1006.54051)]). The article under review describes additional conditions which prevent such pathologies, in the case when each \(E_n\) is a normed vector space over the complex numbers. The author assumes that norms have been chosen such that each \(i_n\) has operator norm \(\leq 1\), and considers a map \(g: \bigcup_{n\in \mathbb N}B^{E_n}_R(0)\to F\) on the union of open balls in the spaces \(E_n\), with center zero and a given radius \(R>0\). If \(g|_{B^{E_n}_R(0)}\) is complex analytic and bounded for each \(n\in{\mathbb N}\), then \(g\) is complex analytic (Theorem A). This enables unions \(G=\bigcup_{n\in {\mathbb N}}G_n\) of complex Banach--Lie groups \(G_1\subseteq G_2\subseteq\cdots\) to be turned into infinite-dimensional Lie groups, under certain hypotheses (suppressed in this review) which are frequently satisfied (Theorem C). They entail that \(G\) has an exponential function \(\exp_G: L(G)\to G\) which is a local diffeomorphism at \(0\). This construction is new and interesting in the case of infinite-dimensional steps \(G_n\). If each \(G_n\) is finite-dimensional, no such extra conditions are needed to form a direct limit Lie group \(G\) (and \(\exp_G\) need not be a local diffeomorphism at \(0\) then), as shown earlier by the reviewer [Compos.\ Math.\ 141, No. 6, 1551--1577 (2005; Zbl 1082.22012)]. For another application, let \(X\) be a Banach space over \({\mathbb K}\in \{{\mathbb R},{\mathbb C}\}\) and \(K\subseteq X\) be a non-empty compact subset. Consider the group \(\text{DiffGerm}(K,X)\) of germs of \({\mathbb K}\)-analytic diffeomorphisms \(\gamma\) between open neighbourhoods of \(K\) in \(X\), such that \(\gamma|_K=\text{id}_K\). The author succeeds in making \(\text{DiffGerm}(K,X)\) an infinite-dimensional Lie group modelled on a suitable space of germs of analytic functions (Theorem B). This generalizes the case of finite-dimensional \(X\) treated earlier by the reviewer [J. Funct.\ Anal.\ 245, No.\ 1, 19--61 (2007; Zbl 1119.22012)] and the classical case where \(X\) is finite-dimensional and \(K\) a singleton [\textit{D. Pisanelli}, Proc.\ Am.\ Math.\ Soc.\ 62, 156--160 (1977; Zbl 0353.22013)]. In these special cases, the desired differentiability properties were not difficult to get because the modelling spaces are Silva spaces (i.e., DFS-spaces). The article under review furnishes a powerful new tool to establish analyticity properties beyond such limited situations.