Linearly independent homoclinic bifurcations parameterized by a small function (Q996238)

This paper presents a strong result about bifurcations of a homoclinic solution of an autonomous system in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) under a small nonautonomous perturbation. The considered system is \[ \dot{x} \, = \, f_0(x) \, + \, g(x,t), \tag{1} \] where \(x \in \mathbb{R}^n\) and the following hypotheses are satisfied: (H1) \(f_0\) is \(C^3\), (H2) \(f_0(0)=0\) and the eigenvalues of the derivative \(Df_0(0)\) lie off the imaginary axis, (H3) the autonomous equation \(\dot{x} \, = \, f_0(x)\) has a homoclinic solution \(\gamma(t)\), which is a differentiable function such that \(\lim_{t \to \pm \infty} \gamma(t)= 0\), and (H4) the function \(g(x,t)\) is regarded as a functional parameter such that \(g\) is \(C^3\), \(g(0,t) \equiv 0\) and the norm \(| g| _{C^3}\) is small. In fact the function \(g\) is assumed to be a member of the Banach space of \(C^3\) functions which are bounded in the norm \(| \cdot| _{C^3}\) and, moreover, a transversality condition for it over the flow defined by \(\gamma(t)\) is also needed to prove the main result of the paper. Let \(W^s\) and \(W^u\) denote the stable and unstable manifolds of the origin in the system \(\dot{x} = f_0(x)\). Since \(\gamma(t)\) is a homoclinic solution, we have that it lies on \(W^s \cap W^u\). Let \(q=\gamma(0)\) and \(d\) be the dimension of \(T_q W^s \cap T_q W^u\). The main result of this work establishes that there are a neighborhood \(\Upsilon\) of \(g=0\) in the considered space of functions and \(d\) manifolds inside this functional space, each denoted by \(\Gamma_k\) and of codimension \(kd\), \(k=1,2,\dots, d\), which all pass through the origin and satisfy \(\Gamma_1 \supset \Gamma_2 \supset \dots \supset \Gamma_d\), such that for every \(g \in \Upsilon \cap (\Gamma_k \setminus (\Gamma_{k+1} \cup \dots \cup \Gamma_d))\), \(k=1,2,\dots, d\), equation (1) has \(k\) linearly independent homoclinic solutions. The idea to study system (1) is taken from a paper of \textit{J. K. Hale} and \textit{A. Spezamiglio} [Nonlinear Anal., Theory Methods Appl. 9, 181--192 (1985; Zbl 0563.34040)] where a first discussion of homoclinic bifurcations in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) with an infinite dimensional parameter is provided. The present paper does not only gives a clear understanding of the bifurcation diagram of the considered problem, in which the co-existence of homoclinic orbits is underlined, but it also gives the way to take the function \(g\) to realize each region of this bifurcation diagram.