Linear identities and commuting maps in rings with involution
Let \(R\) be a prime ring with \(\text{char }R\neq 2\), with involution *, and with extended centroid \(C\). Let \(S=\{x\in R\mid x^*=x\}\) and \(K=\{x\in R\mid x^*=-x\}\). The main result of the paper proves that if \(p(x)=\sum a_ixb_i\) for \(a_i,b_i\in RC+C\) and \(\{a_i\}\) is \(C\)-independent, then when \(p(s)=0\) for all \(s\in S\) and all \(a_i\in S\), or when \(p(k)=0\) for all \(k\in K\) and all \(a_i\in K\), all \(b_j=0\). This is extended to semiprime rings by concluding \(p(r)=0\) for all \(r\in R\), with the same assumptions on the evaluations of \(p(x)\). Two applications of the main result are given. If \(f\colon S\to S\) is an additive map satisfying \(f(s)s-sf(s)\) is central for \(s\in S\), then \(f(s)=cs+z(s)\) for \(c\in C\) and \(z\colon S\to C\) additive, unless the elements of \(S\) commute. Also, if \(B\colon S\times S\to S\) is biadditive so that \(B(s,s)s=sB(s,s)\) for all \(s\in S\), then there are \(a,b,c\in C\) depending on \(s\in S\) with \(B(s,s)=as^2+bs+c\), unless \(S\) is commutative.
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