Local analytic integrability for a class of degenerate planar vector fields
Explicit solutions, first integrals of ordinary differential equations (34A05) Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Symmetries, invariants of ordinary differential equations (34C14) Transformation and reduction of ordinary differential equations and systems, normal forms (34C20)
The polynomial differential system\N\[\N\dot x=a_1 y^3+a_2 x^3 y,\quad \dot y=b_1 x^5+b_2 x^2 y^2 \tag{1}\N\]\Nis considered where the coefficients \(a_1,a_2,b_1,b_2\) are real numbers.\N\NThe goal of the paper is to derive conditions when a planar differential system is locally analytically integrable, that is, when the system has a local analytic first integral. The systems considered have a quasi-homogeneous leading term of the form \((a_1 y^3+a_2 x^3 y,b_1 x^5+b_2 x^2 y^2)\). The authors, mainly, use normal form theory and algebraic inverse integrating factors. The former is a method that simplifies a differential system through analytic changes of variables into a simpler form that captures its essential dynamics. The latter investigate the integrability from the existence of algebraic inverse integrating factors. They show that among all vector fields whose leading term is the given quasi-homogeneous polynomial, the ones that are analytically integrable are all orbitally equivalent to a certain type of simplified system called a semi-quasi-homogeneous system. Here, orbital equivalence means the systems have the same phase portrait up to a reparameterization of time. Notably, these integrable systems are not orbitally equivalent to their lowest-degree quasi-homogeneous term itself. That is, the integrable system cannot be reduced to only its leading term, meaning, higher-order terms are also necessary for integrability. The origin of system (1) is an isolated singular point and this is guaranteed by the assumption \(a_1 b_1\neq 0\). A linear scaling of the form \((x,y)=(k_1 X,k_2 Y)\), for suitable constants \(k_1,k_2\) and choosing the right scaling constants and without loss of generality, system (1) becomes\N\[\N\dot x=-4y^3+2(d-a)x^3 y, \quad \dot y=6\sigma x^5+3(d+a)x^2 y^2.\tag{2}\N\]\Nwhere \(a\) and \(d\) are new real parameters obtained from combinations of \(a_1,a_2,b_1,b_2\) and \(\sigma=\mp1\) is the sign of \(b_1\). Eventually, the goal of the paper, is to study the analytic integrability of analytic vector fields whose leading quasi-homogeneous terms are exactly those of (2). Such systems have the form\N\[\N\dot x=-4y^3+2(d-a)x^3 y2+\cdots,\dot y=6σx^5+3(d+a)x^2 y^2+\cdots\N\]\Nwhere the dots represent higher-order quasi-homogeneous components. In the previous earlier works integrability results exist for two special cases. First, \(d=0\) and \(\sigma=1\), that is, Hamiltonian case, origin is a center-focus, and second, \(a=0\) and \(\sigma=-1\). Here, the authors extend the results to all remaining parameter combinations, giving a complete solution. More specifically, they explicitly compute a primitive first integral for integrable cases (see Theorems 2.4) and also characterize integrability via algebraic inverse integrating factors (see Theorems 2.3 and 2.6).
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