Analytic integrability around a nilpotent singularity
Explicit solutions, first integrals of ordinary differential equations (34A05) Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Symmetries, invariants of ordinary differential equations (34C14) Transformation and reduction of ordinary differential equations and systems, normal forms (34C20)
A polynomial \(f(x,y)\) is called quasi-homogeneous of type \(\mathbf{t}=(t_1,t_2)\in \mathbb{N}^2\) and degree \(k\) if \(f(\alpha^{t_1} x, \alpha^{t_2} y )=\alpha^k f (x,y)\) for arbitrary \(\alpha>0\). Denote by \(\mathcal{P}_k^{\mathbf{t}}\) the vector space of quasi-homogeneous polynomials of type \(\mathbf{t}\) and degree \(k\) and by \(\mathcal{Q}_k^{\mathbf{t}}\) the vector space of polynomial quasi-homogeneous vector fields of type \(\mathbf{t}\) and degree \(k\). Note that any \( \mathbf{F}_j\in \mathcal{Q}_k^{\mathbf{t}}\) can be uniquely written as \[ \mathbf{F}_j =\mathbf{X}_{h_j} + \mu_j\mathbf{D}_0, \] where \(\mu_ j =\frac 1{j+|\mathbf{t}|} \operatorname{div}\mathbf{F_j}\in \mathcal{P}_j^{\mathbf{t}}\), \(h_j = \frac{1}{j+|t|} \mathbf{D}_0 \wedge \mathbf{F}_j \in \mathcal{P}_j^{\mathbf{t}}\), \(\mathbf{D}_0 = (t_1 x, t_2y)^T\) , and \(\mathbf{X}_{h_j}=(-\partial h_j/\partial y, \partial h_j/\partial x)^T\) is the Hamiltonian vector field with Hamiltonian function \(h_j\). Let \(\mathbf{F} = \sum_{j\ge r} \mathbf{F}_j\), \( \mathbf{F}_j\in\mathcal{Q}_k^{\mathbf{t}}\) be an analytic nilpotent vector field such that the origin of \(\dot x = \mathbf{F}_r (x)\) is isolated and \(\mathbf{F}_r\) is polynomially integrable. The main results of the paper are the following theorems. Theorem 1. \(\mathbf{F}\) is analytically integrable if and only if it is formally orbitally equivalent to \(\mathbf{F}_r\). Theorem 2. \(\mathbf{F}\) is analytically integrable if and only if there exist a formal vector field \(\mathbf{G} =\sum_{j\ge 0}\mathbf{G}_j \), \( \mathbf{G}_j\in \mathcal{Q}_k^{\mathbf{t}}\), \(\mathbf{G}_0 =\mathbf{D}_0\) and a formal scalar function \(\mu\), \(\mu(\mathbf{0}) = r\) such that \([F, G] = \mu F\) (hence \(\mathbf{F}\) has a Lie symmetry).
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